Building on the work of Quesnay and Turgot, Adam Smith ( 1776 ) made the first explicit distinction between fixed and circulating capital.

Ricardo claims in the preface that Turgot, Stuart, Adam Smith, Jean-Baptiste Say, Sismondi, and others had not written enough " satisfactory information " on the topics of rent, profit, and wages.

His political ideas, however, many of them in continuity with Turgot's, were criticized heavily in the English-speaking world, most notably by John Adams, who wrote two of his principal works of political philosophy to oppose Turgot and Condorcet's unicameral legislature and radical democracy.

While there, he became influenced by the teachings of John Locke, Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, the Encyclopédistes, Quesnay, Mirabeau, Turgot, and other Enlightenment political thinkers, all in preference to theology.

The concept of diminishing returns can be traced back to the concerns of early economists such as Johann Heinrich von Thünen, Turgot, James Steuart, Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo.

Nevertheless, he was contemptuous and afraid of the Enlightenment, led by intellectuals such as Rousseau, Voltaire, and Turgot, who disbelieved in divine moral order and original sin, saying that society should be handled like a living organism, that people and society are limitlessly complicated, thus, leading him to conflict with Thomas Hobbes's assertion that politics might be reducible to a deductive system akin to mathematics.

Nevertheless, the team showed strong early-season form, taking second at the renowned Paris-Roubaix with Sébastien Turgot, and then winning the next classic on the schedule, as Thomas Voeckler rode solo to victory for 30 kilometers at the Brabantse Pijl.

The movement was particularly dominated by François Quesnay ( 1694 – 1774 ) and Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot ( 1727 – 1781 ).

In 1774, Condorcet was appointed Inspector General of the Monnaie de Paris by Turgot.

The movement was particularly dominated by François Quesnay ( 1694 – 1774 ) and Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot ( 1727 – 1781 ).

Both Quesnay and Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune recognized that capital was needed by farmers to start the production process, and both were proponents of using some of each year ’ s profits to increase productivity.

Radical financial reforms by Turgot and Malesherbes angered the nobles and were blocked by the parlements who insisted that the King did not have the legal right to levy new taxes.

So, in 1776, Turgot was dismissed and Malesherbes resigned, to be replaced by Jacques Necker.

However, Fordun's chronicle was not written until the later 14th century, and the near-contemporary account of the life of St Margaret, by Bishop Turgot, makes no mention of a castle.

His ideas were taken up by Francois Quesnay and Turgot, Baron de l ' Aulne.

Margaret's biographer Turgot, Bishop of St. Andrews, credits her with having a civilizing influence on her husband Malcolm by reading him stories from the Bible.

William Forbes-Leith, Life of St. Margaret Queen of Scotland by Turgot, Bishop of St Andrews.

On one occasion, young Pierre recited some of his own poetry in the presence of Turgot, who was greatly impressed by his talent.

He was the intimate friend of Franklin ; he corresponded with Turgot ; and in the winter of 1778 he was invited by Congress to go to America and assist in the financial administration of the states.

A growing number of the French citizenry had absorbed the ideas of " equality " and " freedom of the individual " as presented by Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Turgot, and other philosophers and social theorists of the Enlightenment.

Under the new king, Louis XV's grandson, Louis XVI, radical financial reforms by his ministers, Turgot and Malesherbes, angered the nobles and were blocked by the parlements who insisted that the king did not have the legal right to levy new taxes.

Maupeou and Terray were replaced, 24 August 1774, by Miromesnil and then by Malesherbes, recalled from his exile in 1775 to be Secretary of State of the Maison du Roi, and by the economist Turgot.

Jealous of his personal ascendancy over Louis XVI, he intrigued against Turgot, whose disgrace in 1776 was followed after six months of disorder by the appointment of Jacques Necker.

Foucault then notices that this formation of a liberal type of governmentality had general shifts within this circle which can be traced back to the 18th century old or classical liberalism programmed by the Physiocrats, Turgot, and the other economists of the 18th century, for whom the problem was the exact opposite.

The Life Of St Margaret, Queen Of Scotland was later written for Matilda possibly by Turgot of Durham.

British Liberal statesman Henry Fawcett called him " the Turgot of India ".

They were often young: Charles Alexandre de Calonne became an intendant at the age of 32, Turgot and Louis Bénigne François Berthier de Sauvigny at the age of 34, and Louis-Urbain-Aubert de Tourny at the age of 40.

His many famous friends included A. R. J. Turgot, André Morellet and Voltaire, and in 1770 he was elected to the Académie française.

Among the regulars in attendance at the salon — the coterie holbachique — were the following: Diderot, Grimm, Condillac, Condorcet, D ' Alembert, Marmontel, Turgot, La Condamine, Raynal, Helvétius, Galiani, Morellet, Naigeon and, for a time, Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

His epithalamium on Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette won him the favour of Turgot, and a salt-tax collectorship.

Jean le Rond d ' Alembert withdrew from the enterprise and other powerful colleagues, including Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune, declined to contribute further to a book which had acquired a bad reputation.

On retiring from the ministry with Turgot in 1776, he betook himself entirely to a happy country and domestic life and travelled through Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands.

The center of this activity was the Rue du Croissant, only blocks from the Ecole Turgot.

During the reigns of Louis XV ( 1715 – 1774 ) and Louis XVI ( 1774 – 1792 ), several ministers, most notably Turgot and Necker, proposed revisions to the French tax system so as to include the nobles as taxpayers, but these proposals were not adopted because of resistance from the parlements ( provincial courts of appeal ).

In December 1775, Turgot confirmed the watchmakers ' exemption from the salt tax ( gabelle ) and from road maintenance duties ( corvée ) and a figure was agreed to compensate the tax farmers for loss of revenue.

In May 1776, finance minister Turgot was dismissed, after he failed to enact reforms.

* May 10 – Anne Robert Turgot, French statesman ( d. 1781 )

Soon after, he met Jacques Turgot, a French economist, and the two became friends.

Turgot was to be an administrator under King Louis XV in 1772, and became Controller-General of Finance under Louis XVI in 1774.

In 1776, Turgot was dismissed as Controller General.

Condorcet later wrote Vie de M. Turgot ( 1786 ), a biography which spoke fondly of Turgot and advocated Turgot's economic theories.

The Physiocrats, especially Turgot, believed that self-interest was the motivating reason for each segment of the economy to play its role.

Turgot was one of the first to recognize that “ successive applications of the variable input will cause the product to grow, first at an increasing rate, later at a diminishing rate until it reaches a maximum .” This was a recognition that the productivity gains required to increase national wealth had an ultimate limit, and, therefore, wealth was not infinite.

In 1872, when he was twelve, he entered the Collège Turgot where he started drawing and sketching.

By the early 1760s du Pont's writings on the national economy had drawn the attention of intellectuals such as Voltaire and Turgot.

In 1773, Necker won the prize of the Académie Française for a defense of state corporatism framed as a eulogy of Louis XIV's minister, Colbert ; in 1775, he published his Essai sur la législation et le commerce des grains, in which he attacked the free-trade policy of Turgot.

Fleeing the Normans, Turgot became the teacher of Olaf Kyrre in Norway for a time before returning to be made prior of the Benedictine convent of Durham Cathedral, and he may have been the confessor of Margaret of Wessex, the second wife of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, king of the Scots, and hence probably known to King Alexander I and Earl David ( later David I ) since childhood.

Turgot may have been the author of the Vita Sancte Margarete, the hagiographical life of the queen, which was written for Matilda of Scotland.

Turgot died at Durham on 31 August 1115.