Under the " independent tribunal " requirement, the Court has ruled that military judges in Turkish state security courts are incompatible with Article 6.

Under clause 17 Article I Section 8 of the Constitution however, Congress has power to " exercise exclusive Legislation in all cases whatsoever " over the federal district ( Washington, D. C .) and other territory ceded to the federal government by the states, such as for military installations.

:: Example 6 ( semi-presidential republic ): Under Chapter 4, Article 80, Section 3 of the Constitution of Russia:

Under Article 34 Statute of the ICJ only states may be parties in cases before the Court and, under Article 36, the jurisdiction comprises all cases which the parties refer to it and all matters specially provided for in the Charter of the United Nations or in treaties and conventions in force.

Under the Uniform Code of Military Justice, Article 31 provides for the right against self-incrimination.

* Under Article I, Section 3, Clause 7, upon conviction in impeachment cases, the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding other federal offices, including the presidency.

Under Article VI of the United States Constitution, private contracts cannot be abridged ; this provision has been held by the United States Supreme Court to mean that the federal government or a State can only ( annul or invalidate ) a contract if it directly opposes an important public policy.

( Under Article I, Section 8, the States have authority for " the Appointment of the Officers.

Under this provision, the Congress may create inferior courts under both Article III, Section 1, and Article I, Section 8.

Under the original procedure for the Electoral College, as provided in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, each elector could cast two votes.

Under Article 34, they are exempt from most taxes, and under Article 36 they are exempt from most customs duties.

Under the system in place at the time ( Article II, Section 1, Clause 3 ), the electors could not differentiate between their two candidates, so the plan had been for one elector to vote for Thomas Jefferson but not for Aaron Burr, thus putting Burr in second place.

Under Article 12 of the Treaty, Northern Ireland could exercise its opt out by presenting an address to the King requesting not to be part of the Irish Free State.

Under Article XVII of the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ), British cutters were for the first time given the right to cut logwood in Yucatan unmolested, within agreed limits.

Under the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951, a refugee is more narrowly defined ( in Article 1. A. 2 ) as a person who " owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country ".

Under Article 7 of the statute, torture may be considered a crime against humanity " when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack ".

Under Article 32, protected persons have the right to protection from " murder, torture, corporal punishments, mutilation and medical or scientific experiments ... but also to any other measures of brutality whether applied by non-combatant or military agents ".

Under the terms of Article V of the U. S. Constitution, state lawmakers retain the power to ratify Constitutional amendments which have been proposed by the Congress and they also retain the ability to apply to the Congress for a national convention to directly propose Constitutional amendments to the states for ratification.

Under Article II, state legislatures choose the manner of appointing the state's presidential electors.

Under the terms of Article III. 2 International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) safeguards must be applied to nuclear exports.

Under Article 73 the new constitution was formally submitted to the Imperial Diet by the Emperor, through an imperial rescript issued on 20 June.

Under the British Mandate of Palestine in the early twentieth century, al-Ruways was one of the smallest villages in the District of Acre, with a population of 217 in 1931, and consisting of two quarters.

Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus ( 217 BC ) brought conflict between Macedon and the Greek leagues to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum.

Under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, " arraignment shall [...] of an open [...] reading the indictment [...] to the defendant [...] and call

Under the Criminal Code of Canada the writ is largely unavailable if a statutory right of appeal exists, whether or not this right has been exercised.

Under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, if the defendant is entitled to a jury trial, he may waive his right to have a jury, but both the government ( prosecution ) and court must consent to the waiver.

Under section 3 of the Criminal Procedure ( Insanity and Unfitness to Plead ) Act 1991:

* Bryan Druzin, and Jessica Li, The Criminalization of Lying: Under what Circumstances, if any, should Lies be made Criminal ?, 101 JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINOLOGY ( Northwestern University ) ( forthcoming 2011 ).

Under the 1987 statute, the Guard of the Rock are all enrolled as ' Criminal Police Officers ' ( in addition to their military role ) and act to assist the police in investigating major crime.

Under its National Police Services branch the RCMP provides support to all police forces in Canada through the operation of support services such as the Canadian Police Information Centre, the Criminal Intelligence Service Canada, Forensic Science and Identification Services, the Canadian Firearms Program and the Canadian Police College.

Under Article 8 ( 2 )( b )( xxvi ) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court ( ICC ), adopted in July 1998 and entered into force 1 July 2002 ; " Conscripting or enlisting children under the age of fifteen years into the national armed forces or using them to participate actively in hostilities " is a war crime.

Under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, the police have power to release a person, who has not been charged, on bail.

Under Dr. Fabelo's leadership the agency provided the knowledge for policy makers to design the Texas Criminal Justice Information System in 1989, new correctional rehabilitation programs in 1991 and rewrite the sentencing code in 1993.

Under the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 where the definition of music played at a rave was given as:

Northern Territory: Under section 441 ( 2 ) of the Criminal Code of the Northern Territory, any person can arrest another whom he or she finds committing an offence or behaving such that he or she believes on reasonable grounds that the offender has committed an offence and that an arrest is necessary for a range of specified reasons.

Under the Criminal Code, a federal statute, they have jurisdiction over the most serious criminal offences, such as murder.

Under the Youth Criminal Justice Act, in case of the arrest or detention of a young person, the officer in charge must give notice to a parent either orally or in writing as soon as they possibly can under section 26 ( 1 ).

Under the Youth Criminal Justice Act trial information can be published in media or print but identifying information ( i. e., name ) about young offenders cannot.

Under sentencing principle ( 3 ) ( a ) of the Youth Criminal Justice Act the sentencing of a youth ’ s punishment should not by any means be harsher or surpass that of the punishment for an adult who has been found guilty of committing the same crime as the youth The reason for this sentencing principle was to eliminate discrepancies that were prevalent in the Young Offenders Act.

Under the sentencing principle 38 ( 2 )( b ) of Young Criminal Justice Act, the court requires that the sentence imposed must be similar in the region when young offenders are found guilty of the same crime under similar circumstances.

Under the Youth Criminal Justice Act punishments are not only limited to jail imprisonment in addition extrajudicial measures are taken such as community services and probation.

Under section 42 ( 2 )( p ) of the Youth Criminal Justice Act, a judge may impose a deferred custody and supervision order as a sentencing option.

Under the Young Offender ’ s Act, approximately 20 % of custody sentences were charged based on “ failure to comply ” issues surrounding probation orders The Youth Criminal Justice Act revised these procedures recognizing that most issues concerning the violation of probation conditions were not criminal acts themselves and that in doing so, were compromising the integrity of the justice system itself.

Under Criminal Law § 2-303, the sentence of death is imposed:

Under the Criminal Records ( Clean Slate ) Act 2004, records are automatically hidden from the public for less serious offences, if the individual has had no convictions for at least seven years and meets the other criteria of the act.

Under President George W. Bush the United States rejected such multilateral agreements as the Kyoto Protocol, the International Criminal Court, the Ottawa Treaty banning anti-personnel land mines and a draft protocol to ensure compliance by States with the Biological Weapons Convention.

Under Rule 12 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, a party may raise by motion any defense, objection, or request that the court can determine without a trial of the general issue.