Under Luzhkov's leadership, Moscow was modernized considerably.

Under the Articles, the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national government.

Under the Labour government of James Callaghan, a review by Lord Beswick had led to the reprieve of the so-called ' Beswick plants ', for social reasons, but subsequent governments were obliged under EU rules to withdraw subsidies.

Under most modern constitutional monarchies there is also a prime minister who is the head of government and exercises effective political power.

Under Confucius ' teachings, the disciples became well-learned in the principles and methods of government.

Under Chiang Kai-Shek, the government recognized limited civil and economic freedoms, property rights ( personal and intellectual ) and other liberties.

Under Lenin the party ruled through the government, for instance, the only political office held by Lenin was Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, but following Lenin's health the party took control of government activities.

Under the Global and All-Inclusive Agreement, signed on 17 December 2002, in Pretoria, there was to be one President and four Vice-Presidents, one from the government, one from the Rally for Congolese Democracy, one from the MLC, and one from civil society.

Under the governance of the jurists Gregorius, Aurelius Arcadius Charisius, and Hermogenianus, the imperial government began issuing official books of precedent, collecting and listing all the rescripts that had been issued from the reign of Hadrian ( r. 117 – 38 ) to the reign of Diocletian.

Under the present government, Ethiopians have little political participation.

Under the slogan " As much government as necessary, as little government as possible ," the FDP tries to limit the state involvement in the life of the individual as far as possible.

Under clause 17 Article I Section 8 of the Constitution however, Congress has power to " exercise exclusive Legislation in all cases whatsoever " over the federal district ( Washington, D. C .) and other territory ceded to the federal government by the states, such as for military installations.

Under the False Claims Act, the Department of Justice is authorized to pay rewards to those who report fraud against the federal government in an amount of between 15 and 30 percent of what it recovers based upon the whistleblower's report.

Under the 1961 constitution ( revised in 1975 and rewritten in 1991 ), Gabon became a republic with a presidential form of government.

Under President Shevardnadze's leadership, the government had nonetheless made some progress on basic market reforms: all prices and most trade have been liberalized, a stable national currency ( the lari ) was introduced, and massive government downsizing took place.

Under a one-year standby agreement with the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) in January 1979, the government promised to undertake economic reforms, including a reduction of the budget deficit, in return for a $ 68 million IMF support program and $ 27 million in IMF Trust Fund loans.

Under the program's first phase ( 1983 – 86 ), the government allocated US $ 1. 5 billion, or 36 percent of total investment, for that purpose and an additional US $ 222 million in 1987 for road and rail rehabilitation.

Under the Arzú administration, peace negotiations were concluded, and the government signed peace accords ending the 36-year internal conflict in December 1996.

Under this system, the president presides over the Council of State and serves as head of state and government.

Under the government ’ s post-conflict economic and financial program, implemented with IMF and World Bank input, real GDP recovered in 1999 by almost 8 %.

Under his leadership, the German government sought to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union and improve relations with the German Democratic Republic, a policy known as the Ostpolitik.

Under President René Préval ( President from 1996 to 2001 and from 2006 until 14 May 2011 ), the country's economic agenda included trade and tariff liberalization, measures to control government expenditure and increase tax revenues, civil-service downsizing, financial-sector reform, and the modernization of state-owned enterprises through their sale to private investors, the provision of private sector management contracts, or joint public-private investment.

Under the Bourbons, the Spanish government made several efforts to regain control of the Caribbean coast.

Another speaker, William H. Draper, Jr., former Under Secretary of the Army and now with the Palo Alto venture capital firm of Draper, Gaither & Anderson, urged the U.S. to `` throw down the gauntlet of battle to communism and tell Moscow bluntly we won't be pushed around any more ''.

Under such circumstances, peasant disorders were endemic ; even the citizens of Moscow revolted against the Romanovs during the Salt Riot ( 1648 ), Copper Riot ( 1662 ), and the Moscow Uprising ( 1682 ).

Under pressure from Moscow and Berlin, the Romanian administration and the army were forced to retreat from Bessarabia as well from Northern Bukovina to avoid war.

Under Powell's direction, the President and his chief advisers weathered the Persian Gulf crisis in 1987 and the Reagan-Gorbachev relationship culminating in the Moscow Summit of June 1988 ( the smoothest ever seen by observers at the time ).

Under Ivan Kalita, Moscow was actively growing, and his residence on the Borovitsky hill became the main part of the city.

* General William H. Draper Jr. Chief, Economics Division, Control Council for Germany, 1945 – 46 ; Military Government Adviser to the Secretary of State, Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers, 1947 ; Under Secretary of War, 1947 ; Under Secretary of the Army, 1947 – 49 ;

Moscow Domodedovo Airport or Domodedovo International Airport () is an international airport located on the territory of Domodedovo Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction, Moscow Oblast, Russia, south-southeast of the centre of Moscow.

Under his given name of Grigory Chkhartishvili, he serves as editor-in-chief of the 20-volume Anthology of Japanese Literature, chairman of the board of a large " Pushkin Library " ( Soros Fund ), and is the author of the book The Writer and Suicide ( Moscow, The New Literary Review, 1999 ).

* Moscow Under Fire, foreign correspondence ( 1942 )

Under the pressure of the Germans, who after the Peace of Brest-Litovsk regarded the presence of Polish troops in Ukraine as illegal, and a fierce battle between Poles and Germans at Kaniów ( May 10, 1918, 2500 casualties ) his corps was interned, while the Brigadier himself managed to escape to Moscow.

Under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, he returned to Moscow and resided in the Simonov Monastery until he

Under Manstadt, Ostankino garden became an important supply of exotic plants for wealthy Moscow families ; customers included Catherine II and Grigory Potyomkin.

Under Khrushchev the retail sectors gained prevalence as Soviet department stores GUM ( department store ) and TsUM ( Central Department Store ), both located in Moscow, began to focus on trade and social interaction.

Under these reforms, Chaliapin was able to remove his father's remains from Paris to Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.

Under the name Red Army Song Ensemble of the M. V. Frunze Red Army Central House or the " Red Army Choir ", twelve soldier-performers-a vocal octet, a bayan player, 2 dancers, and a reciter-officially performed for the first time on October 12, 1928 under the direction of their conductor, Alexandr Alexandrov, a young music professor at the Moscow Conservatory.

* Interview with General William Henry Draper Jr. Chief, Economics Division, Control Council for Germany, 1945 – 1946 ; Military Government Adviser to the Secretary of State, Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers, 1947 ; Under Secretary of War, 1947 ; Under Secretary of the Army, 1947 – 1949 ;

Under SC Luzhniki ownership ( 1996 – 2009 ), Torpedo Moscow relegated to the First Division in 2006 and after 2 seasons it further relegated to the Second Division.

Under President Vladimir Putin, and suffering from declining sales, Moscow News was bought by Mikhail Khodorkovsky, one of Russia's oligarchs and owner of Yukos.