Under the Articles, the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national government.

Under the Labour government of James Callaghan, a review by Lord Beswick had led to the reprieve of the so-called ' Beswick plants ', for social reasons, but subsequent governments were obliged under EU rules to withdraw subsidies.

Under most modern constitutional monarchies there is also a prime minister who is the head of government and exercises effective political power.

Under Confucius ' teachings, the disciples became well-learned in the principles and methods of government.

Under Chiang Kai-Shek, the government recognized limited civil and economic freedoms, property rights ( personal and intellectual ) and other liberties.

Under Lenin the party ruled through the government, for instance, the only political office held by Lenin was Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, but following Lenin's health the party took control of government activities.

Under the Global and All-Inclusive Agreement, signed on 17 December 2002, in Pretoria, there was to be one President and four Vice-Presidents, one from the government, one from the Rally for Congolese Democracy, one from the MLC, and one from civil society.

Under the governance of the jurists Gregorius, Aurelius Arcadius Charisius, and Hermogenianus, the imperial government began issuing official books of precedent, collecting and listing all the rescripts that had been issued from the reign of Hadrian ( r. 117 – 38 ) to the reign of Diocletian.

Under the present government, Ethiopians have little political participation.

Under the slogan " As much government as necessary, as little government as possible ," the FDP tries to limit the state involvement in the life of the individual as far as possible.

Under clause 17 Article I Section 8 of the Constitution however, Congress has power to " exercise exclusive Legislation in all cases whatsoever " over the federal district ( Washington, D. C .) and other territory ceded to the federal government by the states, such as for military installations.

Under the False Claims Act, the Department of Justice is authorized to pay rewards to those who report fraud against the federal government in an amount of between 15 and 30 percent of what it recovers based upon the whistleblower's report.

Under the 1961 constitution ( revised in 1975 and rewritten in 1991 ), Gabon became a republic with a presidential form of government.

Under President Shevardnadze's leadership, the government had nonetheless made some progress on basic market reforms: all prices and most trade have been liberalized, a stable national currency ( the lari ) was introduced, and massive government downsizing took place.

Under a one-year standby agreement with the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) in January 1979, the government promised to undertake economic reforms, including a reduction of the budget deficit, in return for a $ 68 million IMF support program and $ 27 million in IMF Trust Fund loans.

Under the program's first phase ( 1983 – 86 ), the government allocated US $ 1. 5 billion, or 36 percent of total investment, for that purpose and an additional US $ 222 million in 1987 for road and rail rehabilitation.

Under the Arzú administration, peace negotiations were concluded, and the government signed peace accords ending the 36-year internal conflict in December 1996.

Under this system, the president presides over the Council of State and serves as head of state and government.

Under the government ’ s post-conflict economic and financial program, implemented with IMF and World Bank input, real GDP recovered in 1999 by almost 8 %.

Under his leadership, the German government sought to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union and improve relations with the German Democratic Republic, a policy known as the Ostpolitik.

Under President René Préval ( President from 1996 to 2001 and from 2006 until 14 May 2011 ), the country's economic agenda included trade and tariff liberalization, measures to control government expenditure and increase tax revenues, civil-service downsizing, financial-sector reform, and the modernization of state-owned enterprises through their sale to private investors, the provision of private sector management contracts, or joint public-private investment.

Under the Bourbons, the Spanish government made several efforts to regain control of the Caribbean coast.

Under Article 34 Statute of the ICJ only states may be parties in cases before the Court and, under Article 36, the jurisdiction comprises all cases which the parties refer to it and all matters specially provided for in the Charter of the United Nations or in treaties and conventions in force.

* Under Secretary of State for Management: The principal adviser to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary on matters relating to the allocation and use of Department's budget, physical property, and personnel.

Under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, federal trial courts are prohibited from considering matters already resolved in a state court civil action that is in the nature of an appeal, even on an issue of federal law.

Under the influence of Bacon and Descartes, Thomas Hobbes made one of the first attempts to systematically analyze ethical and political matters in a modern way.

Under statutes the University Senate also elects two members to the University Council, chaired by the Provost and having the Senior Lecturer of the College as secretary, which governs academic matters.

Under the latter, it issues opinions on matters of legal interpretation brought to its attention by other OAS bodies or member states.

* Interest theory: Under this theory, going back to the Roman jurist Ulpian, public law governs legal matters that concern the public interest.

Under the latter, it issues opinions on matters of legal interpretation brought to its attention by other OAS bodies or member states.

Under the St Andrews Agreement, the Executive is obliged to adopt strategies on the following policy matters:

Under the chairmanship of the Minister, a Gibraltar Sports Advisory Council has been set up to advise the Government of Gibraltar on all matters relating to sport.

Volunteer lawyers from the NAACP Legal Defense Fund Inc (" Ink Fund "), National Lawyers Guild, Lawyer's Constitutional Defense Committee ( LCDC ) an arm of the ACLU, and the Lawyers ' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law ( LCCR ) provided free legal services — handling arrests, freedom of speech, voter registration and other matters.

Under that ruling, Courts generally do not hear motions to quash Congressional subpoenas ; even when executive branch officials refuse to comply, the Courts tend to rule that such matters are " political questions " unsuitable for judicial remedy.

Bartlett initiated the Senate Inquiry into Australia's refugee determination system which produced the " Sanctuary Under Review " report in 2000, and has participated in numerous other committee inquiries into immigration matters.

Under its new statute, the sanjak became ' distinct but not separated ' from the French mandate of Syria on the diplomatic level, linked to both France and Turkey for defence matters.

Under the Declaration of the Clergy of France ( 1682 ) privileges of the French monarch included the right to assemble church councils in their dominions and to make laws and regulations touching ecclesiastical matters ; Gallican Church or to have recourse to the " appeal as from an abuse " (" appel comme d ' abus ") against acts of the ecclesiastical power.

Under the Supreme Court of Judicature ( Procedure ) Act, 1894, there is no right of appeal to the court of appeal in any interlocutory matters ( except those mentioned in subs.

Under the Constitution, he is given authority to act in some matters, for example: in appointing and disciplining officers of the civil service ; the power to grant " any person convicted of any offense against the laws of Barbados a pardon "; and in proroguing Parliament ; and so on, but only in a few cases is he empowered to act entirely on his own discretion.

Under the Constitution, he is given authority to act in some matters, for example in appointing and disciplining officers of the civil service, in proroguing Parliament and so on, but only in a few cases is he empowered to act entirely on his own discretion.

Under a " median interpretation ", this exposure is permissible, and even required, for the sake of the domination of Torah values over one's worldly matters.

Under the Act, states, local sheriffs and state law enforcement agencies take tribal members to state courts for prosecution in cases arising from criminal matters within reservation boundaries.

: Sumner Welles, is one of the very few career men ever to become Under Secretary of State, and as matters now stand may eventually become Secretary .... This week Cordell Hull returned to Washington to resume his duties.

Under the education of her father and uncle, the young Táhirih was able to grasp a better understanding of theological and educational matters compared to her contemporaries.

After reviewing the case history and prior decisions, Powell began with a reminder that " Under the First Amendment there is no such thing as a false idea ... ( it ) requires that we protect some falsehood in order to protect speech that matters.

Under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act signed into law by President Barack Obama on July 21, 2010, the U. S. Congress broadened the MSRB's rulemaking authority to also regulate so-called municipal advisors, which include financial advisors, swap advisors, brokers of guaranteed investment contracts and other market participants that advise on the issuance of municipal securities and provide certain other types of advice to state and local governments, public pension funds and other municipal entities on municipal derivatives, investment strategies and other financial matters.