Under Pope Benedict XVI's motu proprio Summorum Pontificum, Roman Catholic bishops, priests, and deacons are again permitted to use the 1962 edition of the Roman Breviary, promulgated by Pope John XXIII to satisfy their obligation to recite the Divine Office every day.

Under Pope Paul V ( reigned 1605 – 1621 ), a major conflict arose between Venice and the Papacy.

Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons.

Under Pope Julius III, the Council met in Trent ( 1551 – 52 ) for the twelfth through sixteenth sessions, and under Pope Pius IV, the seventeenth through twenty-fifth sessions took place in Trent ( 1559 – 63 ).

Under Pope Clement VII ( 1523 – 34 ), troops of the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked Papal Rome in 1527, “ raping, killing, burning, stealing, the like had not been seen since the Vandals ”.

Under the skilled leadership of Pope Alexander III, the alliance suffered many defeats but ultimately was able to deny the emperor a complete victory in Italy.

Under Pope Pius V, the Pope who in 1570 established the Tridentine Mass, included the feast ( but without the adjective " Immaculate ") in the Tridentine Calendar, but suppressed the existing special Mass for the feast, directing that the Mass for the Nativity of Mary ( with the word " Nativity " replaced by " Conception ") be used instead.

Under pressure from King Philip, Pope Clement V disbanded the Order in 1312.

Under the patronage of the Pope, Michelangelo experienced constant interruptions to his work on the tomb in order to accomplish numerous other tasks.

While works such as Susan Zuccotti's Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy ( 2000 ) and Michael Phayer's The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930 – 1965 ( 2000 ) are critical of both Cornwell and Pius XII ; Ronald J. Rychlak's Hitler, the War and the Pope is critical as well but defends Pius XII in light of his access to most recent documents.

Under the influence of Charles of Anjou, he was elected Pope to succeed Innocent V on 12 July 1276 but died at Viterbo on 18 August 1276 from illness without ever having been ordained to the priesthood.

Under Pope Clement III and Pope Celestine III he was treasurer of the Roman Church, notably compiling the Liber Censuum, and served as acting Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church from 1194 until 1198.

Under Pope Pius IV ( 1559 – 65 ) he became bishop of Mondovi in Piedmont, but his opposition to that pontiff procured his dismissal from the palace and the abridgment of his authority as inquisitor.

* July 21 – Under the pressure of the Bourbon courts, Pope Clement XIV suppresses the Society of Jesus ( brief Dominus ac Redemptor ).

Under pain of excommunication, no one was allowed to speak at that occasion, except when asked by the Pope.

Under a decree supposedly issued by Roman Emperor Constantine the Great, the Pope was granted secular authority over western Europe.

" Under Pope Clement VII ( 1523 – 34 ) he became Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and dean of the College of Cardinals, and on the death of Clement VII in 1534, was elected as Pope Paul III.

Under the direction of Pope Leo X, he was ambassador to England and then papal nuncio in Spain, where he conceived a violent detestation of Spanish rule that affected the policies of his later papacy.

Under the patronage of Pope Julius II, Michelangelo painted of the chapel ceiling between 1508 and 1512.

Under the aegis of the Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, the Commission for the Codification of Canon Law was completed under Benedict XV, who promulgated the Code, effective in 1918.

Under the current circumstances, Innocent VII could not guarantee safe passage to his rival Benedict XIII in the event he came to the council in Rome.

Under Captain Benedict Arnold, they broke into the powder house to arm themselves and began a three-day march to Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Under Pope Benedict XV Cardinals Domenico Ferrata ( above ) and Rafael Merry del Val in 1914 switched positions in the Vatican

Under Sullivan, a reluctant and ineffectual principal, the NTSM failed to provide a satisfactory alternative to the Royal Academy, and by 1880 a committee of examiners comprising Charles Hallé, Sir Julius Benedict, Sir Michael Costa, Henry Leslie and Otto Goldschmidt reported that the school lacked " executive cohesion ".

Under the aegis of the Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, the Commission for the Codification of Canon Law was completed under Benedict XV, who promulgated the Code, effective in 1918.

Under Abbot Kucera's leadership, St. Procopius Academy and Sacred Heart Academy merged to form Benet ( an anglicized form of " Benedict ") Academy in 1967, on the former St. Procopius campus.

Under Pope Benedict XVI, Vatican officials have raised the issue of Christians being forbidden from worshipping openly in Saudi Arabia.

Under the auspices of the American Baptist Home Mission Society, Mrs. Bathsheba A. Benedict of Pawtucket, Rhode Island, provided the amount of $ 13, 000. 00 to purchase the land to open Benedict Institute on December 12, 1870.

Under Louis XIII and especially Louis XIV, the privileges were quite extensively granted to certain French shipping lines, which still faced many difficulties.

Under Henry IV, and under the regency of his son Louis XIII, the city enjoyed a certain freedom and prosperity.

Under Louis XIII of France the conversos of Bayonne were assigned to the suburb of St. Esprit.

Under his son Alfonso XIII of Spain, the Mossos were not well regarded in Catalonia, specially by the Commonwealth of Catalonia, who paid them but had no control over them.

Under Pope Gregory XIII the leap rule was altered: century years which are not divisible by 400 would not be leap years.

Under his adoptive father, the reigning and yet powerless King Charles XIII of Sweden, the Crown Prince was effectively the regent of the country, and when Sweden sided with Napoleon's enemies, Bernadotte came to be seen as a traitor to his native France.

Under XIII Corps, it was in the Messina area in September 1943, involved in the Sangro battles from 19 Nov. to 3 Dec. 1943, engagements at Garigliano Crossing from 17th to 31 January1944.

Under Pope Leo XIII, the Holy See acquired ownership of L ' Osservatore in 1885, cementing its semi-official status.

Under a pretext of wanting peace, they negotiated with Caesar to exchange Arsinoë for Ptolemy XIII, who was subsequently released.

Under the new process, Jupiter V continued as Amalthea, Jupiter XIII was named Leda in accordance with a suggestion of Kowal's, and all previous proposals for the seven satellites VI-XII were abandoned in favor of new names, in accordance with a scheme suggested by the German philologist Jürgen Blunck.

Under the new Pope Innocent XIII, he finally was named Nuncio in Lucerne, Switzerland, and also made titulary archbishop of Ephesos.

Under continued 1st Ukrainian Front attacks, Harpe ordered his forces to fall back, abandoning the trapped XIII Army Corps.

" Zigliara was instrumental in recovering the authentic tradition of Thomism from the influence of the Jesuits ' tradition " strongly colored by the interpretation of their own great master Francisco Suárez ( d. 1617 ), who had attempted to reconcile the Aristotelianism of Thomas with the Platonism of Scotus " Under Leo XIII Zigliara contributed to the encyclicals Aeterni Patris and Rerum novarum.

Under Louis XIII of France, the conversos of Bayonne were assigned to the suburb of St. Esprit.