Under Pope Benedict XVI's motu proprio Summorum Pontificum, Roman Catholic bishops, priests, and deacons are again permitted to use the 1962 edition of the Roman Breviary, promulgated by Pope John XXIII to satisfy their obligation to recite the Divine Office every day.

Under Pope Paul V ( reigned 1605 – 1621 ), a major conflict arose between Venice and the Papacy.

Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons.

Under Pope Julius III, the Council met in Trent ( 1551 – 52 ) for the twelfth through sixteenth sessions, and under Pope Pius IV, the seventeenth through twenty-fifth sessions took place in Trent ( 1559 – 63 ).

Under Pope Clement VII ( 1523 – 34 ), troops of the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked Papal Rome in 1527, “ raping, killing, burning, stealing, the like had not been seen since the Vandals ”.

Under the skilled leadership of Pope Alexander III, the alliance suffered many defeats but ultimately was able to deny the emperor a complete victory in Italy.

Under Pope Pius V, the Pope who in 1570 established the Tridentine Mass, included the feast ( but without the adjective " Immaculate ") in the Tridentine Calendar, but suppressed the existing special Mass for the feast, directing that the Mass for the Nativity of Mary ( with the word " Nativity " replaced by " Conception ") be used instead.

Under pressure from King Philip, Pope Clement V disbanded the Order in 1312.

Under the patronage of the Pope, Michelangelo experienced constant interruptions to his work on the tomb in order to accomplish numerous other tasks.

While works such as Susan Zuccotti's Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy ( 2000 ) and Michael Phayer's The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930 – 1965 ( 2000 ) are critical of both Cornwell and Pius XII ; Ronald J. Rychlak's Hitler, the War and the Pope is critical as well but defends Pius XII in light of his access to most recent documents.

Under the influence of Charles of Anjou, he was elected Pope to succeed Innocent V on 12 July 1276 but died at Viterbo on 18 August 1276 from illness without ever having been ordained to the priesthood.

Under Pope Clement III and Pope Celestine III he was treasurer of the Roman Church, notably compiling the Liber Censuum, and served as acting Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church from 1194 until 1198.

Under Pope Benedict XIII ( 1724 – 30 ), the finances of the Papal States had been delivered into the hands of Cardinal Niccolò Coscia and other members of the curia, who had drained the financial resources of the see.

* July 21 – Under the pressure of the Bourbon courts, Pope Clement XIV suppresses the Society of Jesus ( brief Dominus ac Redemptor ).

Under pain of excommunication, no one was allowed to speak at that occasion, except when asked by the Pope.

Under a decree supposedly issued by Roman Emperor Constantine the Great, the Pope was granted secular authority over western Europe.

" Under Pope Clement VII ( 1523 – 34 ) he became Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and dean of the College of Cardinals, and on the death of Clement VII in 1534, was elected as Pope Paul III.

Under the direction of Pope Leo X, he was ambassador to England and then papal nuncio in Spain, where he conceived a violent detestation of Spanish rule that affected the policies of his later papacy.

Under the patronage of Pope Julius II, Michelangelo painted of the chapel ceiling between 1508 and 1512.

Under abbot Pius ( 1630 – 74 ) a printing press was started.

Under the pontificate of Pius X neo-Thomism became the blueprint for an approach to theology.

Under Nerva's later dynastic successor Antoninus Pius, Imperial theology represents the death and apotheosis of the Empress Faustina the Elder as Ceres ' return to Olympus by Jupiter's command.

Under Pius IX, the Church set itself against all the new theories of popular sovereignty and rights of citizens, which, having been fringe ideas on the left at the time of the French Revolution of 1789, had now gained widespread acceptance among moderate opinion.

Under Antoninus Pius, however, oppressive taxation led to a revolt in 139, of the native Egyptians, which was suppressed only after several years of fighting.

Under Pius XI, Nogara made large investments in firms contrary to Catholic social teaching and made direct loans to Mussolini's government prior to Mussolini's 1935 invasion of Ethiopia.

Under Pius XII, Nogara routinely invested in firms that profited from and enabled the war effort of the Axis powers during World War II.

Under legislation of Pope Pius X, vicars general and vicars capitular ( the latter are now called diocesan administrators ) are titular ( not actual ) Protonotaries durante munere, i. e. as long as they hold those offices, and so are entitled to be addressed as Monsignor.

" Susan Zuccotti's Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy ( 2000 ) and Michael Phayer's The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930 – 1965 ( 2000 ) are critical of both Cornwell and Pius XII.

Under one of these emperors, Romanos IV Diogenes ( 1067 – 1071 ), Alexios served with distinction against the Seljuq Turks.

Under Stefan Uroš IV Dušan, Serbia expanded into Byzantine territory in Macedonia, taking Ohrid, Prilep, Kastoria, Strumica, and Edessa in about 1334.

İstanbul Kanatlarımın Altında ( Istanbul Under My Wings, 1996 ) is a film about the lives of Hezarfen Ahmet Çelebi, his brother Lagari Hasan Çelebi, and the Ottoman society in the early 17th century, during the reign of Murad IV, as witnessed and narrated by Evliya Çelebi.

Under his reign Michelangelo re-built the basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli ( in the Diocletian's Baths ) and the eponymous Villa Pia, now known as Casina Pio IV and headquarters of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, was designed by Pirro Ligorio in the Vatican Gardens.

Under wet conditions, the Chiefs defense dominated Super Bowl IV by limiting the Minnesota offense to only 67 rushing yards, forcing three interceptions, and recovering two fumbles.

The House of Wittelsbach split into these two branches in 1329: Under the Treaty of Pavia, Emperor Louis IV granted the Palatinate including the Bavarian Upper Palatinate to his brother Duke Rudolf's descendants, Rudolf II, Rupert I and Rupert II.

Under the Treaty of Pavia, Emperor Louis IV granted during his stay in Italy the Electorate of the Palatinate to his brother Duke Rudolph's descendants.

Under the agreement, Antipater becomes the regent of the Macedonian Empire on behalf of the two kings: the intellectually retarded Philip III Arrhidaeus and the infant Alexander IV of Macedon while Ptolemy is confirmed in possession of Egypt and Cyrene.

Under Louis IX ( Saint Louis ) ( 1226 – 1270 ) and Philip IV ( Philip the Fair ) ( 1284 – 1314 ) the Merovingian palace was extended and more heavily fortified.

Under Pandulf IV, the principality brought in the aid of the Normans and, for a while had the loyalty of Rainulf Drengot, until the latter abandoned him to aid the deposed Sergius IV of Naples take back his city, annexed by Pandulf in 1027.

Under Louis and Richelieu, the crown successfully intervened in the Thirty Years ' War against the Habsburgs, managed to keep the French nobility in line, and retracted the political and military privileges granted to the Huguenots by Henry IV ( while maintaining their religious freedoms ).

Under the League, Laon took the part of the Leaguers, and was taken by Henry IV.

Under the reign of Ptolemy IV, the decline of the Ptolemaic kingdom began.

Under Henry IV, and under the regency of his son Louis XIII, the city enjoyed a certain freedom and prosperity.

Under Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden the town of Gustavia was constructed on the Mönchgut peninsula, but was abandoned during the Napoleonic Wars.

Under these circumstances, Isaac, the Metropolitan of Armenia, proceeded to the court of Ctesiphon, and petitioned Yazdegerd to replace Artases with Khosrov III who had been deposed twenty-one years earlier, and whom Bahram IV had imprisoned in the " Castle of Oblivion ".

Under the agreement, a board will replace the shareholders and Crane will retire to be replaced as Chief Executive Officer by former BB & T bank CEO John A. Allison IV.

Under the rule of Frederick IV " Empty Pockets " internal conflicts between the powerful local aristocracy and the duke arose, which eventually led to the decline of the nobles and of their traditional system of values, and strengthened the duke's rule over the country.

Under Pope Paul IV it was felt that the religious convictions of an author contaminated all his writings, so it was added to the Roman Catholic Church's list of prohibited books.

Under the ownership of Richard Neville – also known as " Warwick the Kingmaker " – Warwick Castle was used in the 15th century to imprison the English king, Edward IV.

Under a series of dukes that began under the child king Louis IV in 903, the Lotharingians frequently swapped allegiance between the East and West Frankish kings.

Under pressure from Philip IV, Pope Clement V ordered the arrest of all the Templars throughout Christendom.