Under Parthian and Sassanian Iranian empires, scholars concentrated on exchanging knowledge and inventions by the countries around them – India, China, and the Roman Empire, when it is thought to be expanded over the other countries.

Under the early Roman empire the place was known as Caesarea, and was the metropolis of Cilicia Secunda.

Under strong pressure from Stilicho, the Roman Senate consented to promise its payment.

Under the Roman alliance, the more oligarchic parts of the Athenian constitution, the Areopagus and election of officials, became relatively more important, and the Assembly and selection by lot less so.

Under the management of Luigi Barbesino, the Roman club came close to their first title in 1935 – 36 ; finishing just one point behind champions Bologna.

Under the Empire, Roman colonies and cities often had officials with powers similar to those of the republican aediles, although their powers widely varied.

Under the Roman Dutch law in force in South Africa affray falls within the definition of vis publica.

Under Pope Benedict XVI's motu proprio Summorum Pontificum, Roman Catholic bishops, priests, and deacons are again permitted to use the 1962 edition of the Roman Breviary, promulgated by Pope John XXIII to satisfy their obligation to recite the Divine Office every day.

Under Pope Clement VII ( 1523 – 34 ), troops of the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked Papal Rome in 1527, “ raping, killing, burning, stealing, the like had not been seen since the Vandals ”.

Under Roman law, Roman culture under the Empire came to tolerate concubinage as long as the relationship was durable and exclusive ; for Roman jurists, concubinage was an honorable de facto situation.

Under the status quo, the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Armenian Apostolic Churches all have rights to the interior of the tomb, and all three communities celebrate the Divine Liturgy or Holy Mass there daily.

Under Roman law, a former gladiator could not " offer such services those of a gladiator after manumission, because they cannot be performed without endangering life.

Under other classical authors this sometimes included regions of Sarmatia as well as an area under Roman control on the west bank of the Rhine.

Under pressure of the Huns, the chieftain Fritigern approached the Eastern Roman Emperor Valens in 376 with a portion of the Thervingi and asked to be allowed to settle with his people on the south bank of the Danube.

Under the Roman Empire, administration of peaceful provinces was ultimately the remit of the Senate, but those, like Britain, that required permanent garrisons were placed under the Emperor's control.

Under the Roman Empire, schools of law were created, and the activity constantly became more academic.

Under the Rashidun, the Arabs conquered the Persian Empire, along with Roman Syria and Roman Egypt during the Byzantine-Arab Wars, all within just seven years from 633 to 640.

Under Pope Clement III and Pope Celestine III he was treasurer of the Roman Church, notably compiling the Liber Censuum, and served as acting Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church from 1194 until 1198.

Under the terms of the treaty with Rome, such disputes were arbitrated by the Roman Senate.

Under Roman influence, instruction in rhetoric developed into a full curriculum including instruction in grammar ( study of the poets ), preliminary exercises ( progymnasmata ), and preparation of public speeches ( declamation ) in both forensic and deliberative genres.

Under Jakob's guidance the department grew rapidly.

Under his guidance, the battered Tonnant gradually drifted southwards away from the action to join the southern division under Villeneuve.

Under the guidance of Miltiades, the Athenian general with the greatest experience of fighting the Persians, the Athenian army marched quickly to block the two exits from the plain of Marathon, and prevent the Persians moving inland.

Under Mason's guidance, Compaq utilized its assets more efficiently instead of focusing just on income and profits, which increased Compaq's cash from $ 700 million to nearly $ 5 billion in one year.

Under Davros ' guidance, the Daleks steal 27 planets, including Earth, and hide them in the Medusa Cascade, one second out of sync with the rest of the universe.

Under the guidance of economist John Kenneth Galbraith, IIT Kanpur was the first institute in India to offer Computer Science education.

Under the guidance of two village priests, Millet acquired a knowledge of Latin and modern authors, before being sent to Cherbourg in 1833 to study with a portrait painter named Paul Dumouchel.

Under Abel's guidance, the prevailing obscurities of analysis began to be cleared, new fields were entered upon and the study of functions so advanced as to provide mathematicians with numerous ramifications along which progress could be made.

Under the guidance of José María Goitía, the printing press was utilized to create a newspaper called La Miscelánea.

Under the guidance of psychologist William McDougall, and with the help of others in the department — including psychologists Karl Zener, Joseph B. Rhine, and Louisa E. Rhine — laboratory ESP experiments using volunteer subjects from the undergraduate student body began.

Under his guidance, Paris became the first city of teachers the medieval world had known.

Under Diaghilev's guidance, Prokofiev chose his subject from a collection of folktales by the ethnographer Alexander Afanasyev ; the story, concerning a buffoon and a series of confidence tricks, had been previously suggested to Diaghilev by Igor Stravinsky as a possible subject for a ballet, and Diaghilev and his choreographer Léonide Massine helped Prokofiev to shape this into a ballet scenario.

Under the guidance of their mentor and manager Simon Fuller, the group embraced merchandising and became a regular feature of the British and global press.

Under his guidance Alma-Tadema painted his first major work: The Education of the children of Clovis ( 1861 ).

Under the guidance of his uncle he attended a nationalistic high school in Baghdad.

Under the guidance of Lugh Aengus later tricked his father out of his home at the Brú na Bóinne ( Newgrange ).

Under his guidance, the Athenians began the building of a new port at Piraeus, to replace the existing facilities at Phalerum.

Under the guidance of Pericles, the Delian league gradually evolved into the Athenian Empire, the zenith of Athenian power and influence.

* September 2 – Under the guidance of Dr Humphry Osmond, Christopher Mayhew ingests 400 mg of mescaline hydrochloride and allows himself to be filmed as part of a Panorama special for BBC TV that was never broadcast.

Under Durant's guidance the company was charging Union Pacific often twice or more the customary cost for track work ( thus in effect paying himself to build the railroad ).

Under Paley's guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States and then one of the big three American broadcast television networks.

Under Cameron's guidance the Tramways Board was to bring these under a single control, extend the electric lines, and convert the existing cable-system to electric traction.

Under the guidance of Gluck, she excelled to some extent in her musical endeavors.

Under the guidance of the therapist, defense mechanisms are bypassed by the use of signifiers and semiotic processes.

Under the guidance of Walpole, Parliament attempted to deal with the financial crisis brought on by the South Sea Bubble.