Under some variants of runoff voting there is no formal rule for eliminating candidates, but, rather, candidates who receive few votes in the first round are expected to withdraw voluntarily.

Under runoff voting, between rounds of voting eliminated candidates, and the factions who previously supported them, often issue recommendations to their supporters as to who to vote for in the second round of the contest.

Under extreme conditions, herbicides can also be transported via surface runoff to contaminate distant water sources.

Under present climatic conditions, it is almost impossible to produce runoff from anywhere outside the extreme west of the basin because the amount of rain required to fall before runoff would begin is as high or higher than the mean annual rainfall.

Under the so-called " Volkswagen Law ", any shareholder with more than 20 % of the voting rights has veto power over any corporate decision in the annual general meeting – in effect, any shareholder in VW AG cannot exercise more than 20 % of the firm's voting rights, regardless of their level of stock holding.

Under the " first past the post " ( plurality ) system voters are encouraged to vote tactically by voting for only one of the two leading candidates, because a vote for any other candidate will not affect the result.

Under the system in place then and through the election of 1800, each voting elector cast two votes — the recipient of the greatest number of votes was elected president, the second greatest number, vice-president.

Under the voting rules, abstentions were not counted but in Oglala Lakota culture, for example, abstention had traditionally equaled a no vote.

Under the first past the post ( FPTP ) single member voting system the highest polling candidate is elected as opposed to a candidate that has an absolute majority of votes.

Under the Borough form of government, Council members act as the legislative body with the Mayor presiding at meetings and voting in the event of a tie.

Under the council – manager form of government for municipalities, the elected governing body ( commonly called a city council, city commission, or board of selectmen ) is responsible for the legislative function of the municipality such as establishing policy, passing local ordinances, voting appropriations, and developing an overall vision.

* Under a parallel voting or Supplementary Member ( SUP or SM ) system, the party seats are allocated proportionally within themselves, without consideration of any constituency seats the party may have won.

Under the reign of King John II they had controlled, from 1355 to 1358, not only the voting, but through their commissaries, the administration of and jurisdiction over the taxes.

Under the anti-Catholic Penal Laws, Roman Catholics, though the overwhelming majority in Ireland, were harshly discriminated against, barred from holding property rights or from voting in parliamentary elections until 1793.

Under a first-past-the-post voting system the highest polling candidate ( or a group of candidates for some cases ) is elected.

Under the 1986 Constitution, presidential elections utilize a two-round system, wherein a second round of voting is held between the two candidates with the highest number of votes if no single candidate obtains a majority in the first round.

A second report was released in September 2005 detailing some of the concerns with electronic voting, and ongoing improvements, titled " Federal Efforts to Improve Security and Reliability of Electronic Voting Systems Are Under Way, but Key Activities Need to Be Completed ".

Under articles 12 and 68 of the constitution, the minimum voting age is 18.

Under articles 12 and 68 of the constitution, the minimum voting age is 18.

Under the Act, Manhattan, Brooklyn, and the Bronx are subject to preclearance by the Department of Justice before implementing any changes affecting voting.

Under section 3 of the Scotland Act 1998, if the Parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved ( with at least two-thirds of the Members voting in favour ), or if the Parliament fails to nominate one of its members to be First Minister within certain time limits, the Presiding Officer proposes a date for an extraordinary general election and the Parliament is dissolved by the monarch by royal proclamation.

Under his leadership the FDP returned to the House with a final voting result of 9. 9 %.

This section titled " Extension Of Time Provided For States To Request Payments Under Title 1 " extends the time permitted to request funds, for election administration and the replacement of old punched card voting or lever voting systems.

Under the terms of the Cornell's 1865 charter from the Legislature, Cornell was obligated to teach agriculture, mechanical arts and mililtary tactic.

Under the guidance of Lerma, Philip III's government resorted to a tactic that had been resolutely resisted by Philip II, paying for the budget deficits by the mass minting of increasingly worthless vellones, causing runaway inflation.

Under the early Roman empire the place was known as Caesarea, and was the metropolis of Cilicia Secunda.

Under the Local Government Act 2001 section 10 ( 3 ) and schedule 6 part 1 chapter 1, the following continue to be known as Boroughs ( though this is largely a matter of nomenclature ) Clonmel, Drogheda, Kilkenny, Sligo, Wexford.

Under normal conditions, diamond has the highest thermal conductivity of all known materials.

Under nitrogen-rich and oxygen-poor conditions, nitrates and nitrites are converted to nitrogen gas, a process known as denitrification.

While Bannister was well known in the artistic community of his adopted home of Providence, Rhode Island and admired within the wider East Coast art world ( he won a bronze medal for his large oil " Under the Oaks " at the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial ), he was largely forgotten for almost a century for a complexity of reasons, principally connected with racial prejudice.

Under Mountbatten's presidency and personal involvement, the United World College of South East Asia was established in Singapore in 1971, followed by the United World College of the Pacific ( now known as the Lester B Pearson United World College of the Pacific ) in Victoria, Canada, in 1974.

Under the special agreement, also known as the compromise that was signed in December 2008 by Belize and Guatemala it was agreed that if the people of both nations approved, by way of a simultaneous referendum on the same day, that the dispute would proceed to the ICJ.

Under the next three centuries of Hellenistic Egypt, the Coptic writing system evolved and the Library of Alexandria was opened, and this likely had an influence upon books of magic, with the trend on known incantations switching from simple health and protection charms to more specific things such as financial success and sexual fullfillment.

Under his leadership, the German government sought to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union and improve relations with the German Democratic Republic, a policy known as the Ostpolitik.

Under certain conditions, especially during cooking, nitrites in meat can react with degradation products of amino acids, forming nitrosamines, which are known carcinogens.

The site, an oak grove on " Morgan's Forty ", then on the outskirts of town, became known as " Under the Oaks ".

Under Ottoman rule, the city was known as Yeni-şehir i-Fenari, " new citadel ".

Another of Remey's followers, Leland Jensen ( d. 1996 ), who made a several religious claims of his own, formed a sect known as the Bahá ' ís Under the Provisions of the Covenant following Remey's death ; he believed that Remey was the adopted son of Abdu ' l-Baha, and that Remey's adopted son Joseph Pepe was the third Guardian.

Under UNIX, calling the kernel consists of an operation known as a syscall or trap.

Under UNIX this problem was solved over time as programmers agreed on a number of " well known " locations in the file system to serve various duties.

Under the category of the most sought after body shape, Penélope Cruz, known for her voluptuous figure, was voted as having the top body.

Under his reign Michelangelo re-built the basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli ( in the Diocletian's Baths ) and the eponymous Villa Pia, now known as Casina Pio IV and headquarters of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, was designed by Pirro Ligorio in the Vatican Gardens.

Under his guidance, Paris became the first city of teachers the medieval world had known.

Under the treaty, Russia became known as the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ).

Under the great inspiration of Saint Anthony the Great ( 251-356 ), ascetic monks led by Saint Pachomius ( 286-346 ) formed the first Christian monastic communities under what became known as an Abbot, from the Aramaic abba ( father ).

Under the first republican Constitution, the unicameral legislature was known as the National State Assembly.

Under General Henri Guisan, the Swiss army prepared for mass mobilization of militia forces against invasion, and prepared strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps known as the Réduit.

Under the land title system, squatter rights, formally known as adverse possession, were abolished.

Under his leadership, the Rough Riders became famous for dual charges up Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898 ( the battle was named after the latter " hill ," which was the shoulder of a ridge known as San Juan Heights ).