Under some variants of runoff voting there is no formal rule for eliminating candidates, but, rather, candidates who receive few votes in the first round are expected to withdraw voluntarily.

Under runoff voting this tactic, known as " compromising ", is sometimes unnecessary because, even if a voter's favourite candidate is eliminated in the first round, they will still have an opportunity to influence the result of the election by voting for a more popular candidate in the second round.

Under extreme conditions, herbicides can also be transported via surface runoff to contaminate distant water sources.

Under present climatic conditions, it is almost impossible to produce runoff from anywhere outside the extreme west of the basin because the amount of rain required to fall before runoff would begin is as high or higher than the mean annual rainfall.

Under the so-called " Volkswagen Law ", any shareholder with more than 20 % of the voting rights has veto power over any corporate decision in the annual general meeting – in effect, any shareholder in VW AG cannot exercise more than 20 % of the firm's voting rights, regardless of their level of stock holding.

Under the " first past the post " ( plurality ) system voters are encouraged to vote tactically by voting for only one of the two leading candidates, because a vote for any other candidate will not affect the result.

Under the system in place then and through the election of 1800, each voting elector cast two votes — the recipient of the greatest number of votes was elected president, the second greatest number, vice-president.

Under the voting rules, abstentions were not counted but in Oglala Lakota culture, for example, abstention had traditionally equaled a no vote.

Under the first past the post ( FPTP ) single member voting system the highest polling candidate is elected as opposed to a candidate that has an absolute majority of votes.

Under the Borough form of government, Council members act as the legislative body with the Mayor presiding at meetings and voting in the event of a tie.

Under the council – manager form of government for municipalities, the elected governing body ( commonly called a city council, city commission, or board of selectmen ) is responsible for the legislative function of the municipality such as establishing policy, passing local ordinances, voting appropriations, and developing an overall vision.

* Under a parallel voting or Supplementary Member ( SUP or SM ) system, the party seats are allocated proportionally within themselves, without consideration of any constituency seats the party may have won.

Under the reign of King John II they had controlled, from 1355 to 1358, not only the voting, but through their commissaries, the administration of and jurisdiction over the taxes.

Under the anti-Catholic Penal Laws, Roman Catholics, though the overwhelming majority in Ireland, were harshly discriminated against, barred from holding property rights or from voting in parliamentary elections until 1793.

Under a first-past-the-post voting system the highest polling candidate ( or a group of candidates for some cases ) is elected.

Under the 1986 Constitution, presidential elections utilize a two-round system, wherein a second round of voting is held between the two candidates with the highest number of votes if no single candidate obtains a majority in the first round.

A second report was released in September 2005 detailing some of the concerns with electronic voting, and ongoing improvements, titled " Federal Efforts to Improve Security and Reliability of Electronic Voting Systems Are Under Way, but Key Activities Need to Be Completed ".

Under articles 12 and 68 of the constitution, the minimum voting age is 18.

Under articles 12 and 68 of the constitution, the minimum voting age is 18.

Under the Act, Manhattan, Brooklyn, and the Bronx are subject to preclearance by the Department of Justice before implementing any changes affecting voting.

Under section 3 of the Scotland Act 1998, if the Parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved ( with at least two-thirds of the Members voting in favour ), or if the Parliament fails to nominate one of its members to be First Minister within certain time limits, the Presiding Officer proposes a date for an extraordinary general election and the Parliament is dissolved by the monarch by royal proclamation.

Under his leadership the FDP returned to the House with a final voting result of 9. 9 %.

This section titled " Extension Of Time Provided For States To Request Payments Under Title 1 " extends the time permitted to request funds, for election administration and the replacement of old punched card voting or lever voting systems.

Under the trees, there was a dead redcoat, a young boy with a pasty white skin and a face full of pimples, who had taken a rifle ball directly between the eyes.

Under the heading of " practices ," his class considers how readers read and marked up their books, forms of note-taking, and the interrelation between reading and writing from copying and translating to composing new texts.

Under the heading of " materials ," his class examines the relations between different kinds of writing surfaces ( including stone, wax, parchment, paper, walls, textiles, the body, and the heart ), writing implements ( including styluses, pens, pencils, needles, and brushes ), and material forms ( including scrolls, erasable tables, codices, broadsides and printed forms and books ).

Under it Jourdain became absolute master of the regions lying between the Pyrenees and the Alps, Auvergne and the sea.

Under 10 % of organisms were predators or scavengers, although since these organisms were larger, the biomass was split equally between each of the filter feeding, deposit feeding, predatory and scavenging organisms.

Under the 1989 agreement between the BPCA and the City of New York, $ 600 million was transferred by the BPCA to the city.

Under Pope Paul V ( reigned 1605 – 1621 ), a major conflict arose between Venice and the Papacy.

Under optimal conditions, celery can be stored for up to seven weeks between.

Under ideal ( adiabatic ) conditions, the exponent would be 1. 4, but a lower value, generally between 1. 2 and 1. 3 is used, since the amount of heat lost will vary among engines based on design, size and materials used, but provides useful results for purposes of comparison.

Under Italian law franchise is defined as an arrangement between two financially independent parties where a franchisee is granted, in exchange for a consideration, the right to market goods and services under particular trademarks.

Under the False Claims Act, the Department of Justice is authorized to pay rewards to those who report fraud against the federal government in an amount of between 15 and 30 percent of what it recovers based upon the whistleblower's report.

Under the protocol signed on 7 May 1832 between Bavaria and the protecting Powers, and basically dealing with the way in which the Regency was to be managed until Otto reached his majority ( while also concluding the second Greek loan, for a sum of £ 2, 400, 000 sterling ), Greece was defined as an independent kingdom, with the Arta-Volos line as its northern frontier.

Under this system, there is a tension between the relevance of earlier and later authorities in constraining halakhic interpretation and innovation.

Under Galilean transformations, the time t < sub > 2 </ sub > − t < sub > 1 </ sub > between two events is the same for all inertial reference frames and the distance between two simultaneous events ( or, equivalently, the length of any object, | r < sub > 2 </ sub > − r < sub > 1 </ sub >|) is also the same.

Under Lorentz transformations, the time and distance between events may differ among inertial reference frames ; however, the Lorentz scalar distance s between two events is the same in all inertial reference frames

Under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the island was partitioned between Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland.

Under typical circumstances ion ranges will be between 10 nanometers and 1 micrometer.

Under the Seventh Amendment, the existing distinction between Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D states was abolished.

Under the assize, a jury of free men was charged with reporting any crimes that they knew of in their hundred to a " justice in eyre ," a judge who moved between hundreds on a circuit.

Under, the Supreme court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over controversies between two or more states, and original ( but non-exclusive ) jurisdiction over cases involving officials of foreign states, controversies between the federal government and a state, actions by a state against the citizens of another state or foreign country.

Under a 1919 agreement between Liechtenstein and Switzerland, ambassadors of Switzerland are authorised to represent Liechtenstein in countries and in diplomatic situations unless Liechtenstein opts to send its own ambassador.

Under the terms of an agreed lease, the Japanese government had the right to station its troops in the area around the South Manchurian Railway, a major trade route between the two countries, in the Chinese region of Manchuria.