" Under the persistence of the brethren who told him, " Emperor Constantine loves the church ," he accepted to write him a letter blessing him, and praying for the peace and safety of the empire and the church.

Under Pope Clement VII ( 1523 – 34 ), troops of the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked Papal Rome in 1527, “ raping, killing, burning, stealing, the like had not been seen since the Vandals ”.

Chiang Kai-shek considered both the Han Chinese and all the minority peoples of China, the Five Races Under One Union, as descendants of Huangdi, the Yellow Emperor and semi mythical founder of the Chinese nation, and belonging to the Chinese Nation Zhonghua Minzu and he introduced this into Kuomintang ideology, which was propagated into the educational system of the Republic of China.

Under its terms the Emperor of Japan is " the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people " and exercises a purely ceremonial role without the possession of sovereignty.

Under Emperor Kammu, Tamuramaro had been appointed as shogun of a military expedition against the Emishi.

Under pressure of the Huns, the chieftain Fritigern approached the Eastern Roman Emperor Valens in 376 with a portion of the Thervingi and asked to be allowed to settle with his people on the south bank of the Danube.

Under Emperor Maximilian II, the Bohemian state assembly established the " Confessio Bohemica ," upon which Lutherans, Reformed, and Bohemian Brethren agreed.

Under Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia, Carantania, now ruled by a mixed Bavarian-Slav nobility, shortly emerged as a regional power, but was destroyed by the Hungarian invasions in the late 9th century.

Under Emperor An, Zhang also served as Prefect of the Majors for Official Carriages under the Ministry of Guards, in charge of the reception of memorials ( containing policy and administrative suggestions ) submitted to the throne as well as nominees for official appointments.

Under the rule of Yongle Emperor, who built the Forbidden City and commanded Zhenghe to explore the world overseas, Ming Dynasty's territory reached pinnacle.

The House of Wittelsbach split into these two branches in 1329: Under the Treaty of Pavia, Emperor Louis IV granted the Palatinate including the Bavarian Upper Palatinate to his brother Duke Rudolf's descendants, Rudolf II, Rupert I and Rupert II.

Under the Diploma Ottonianum issued by Otto I, the Emperor could only veto papal candidates.

Under a decree supposedly issued by Roman Emperor Constantine the Great, the Pope was granted secular authority over western Europe.

* Under the Yongle Emperor of Ming China, work begins to reinstate the ancient Grand Canal of China, which fell into disuse and dilapidation during the previous Yuan Dynasty.

Under Emperor Ling ( r. 168 – 189 CE ) the eunuchs had the partisan prohibitions renewed and expanded, while themselves auctioning off top government offices.

Under the Treaty of Pavia, Emperor Louis IV granted during his stay in Italy the Electorate of the Palatinate to his brother Duke Rudolph's descendants.

Under Goar, they allied with the Burgundians led by Gundaharius, with whom they installed the usurping Emperor Jovinus.

* Under the imperial order of Emperor Daigo, four poets are selected to compile the Kokin Wakashū, an anthology of poetry.

Under Emperor Wen, the Liu Song economy prospered in the rule of Yuanjia ( Chinese: 元嘉之治 ), a famed period of precious prosperity in the 400 years of conflict between the Han and Tang dynasties.

Under the terms of a peace treaty signed in Vienna on October 12, Emperor Franz Joseph had already agreed to cede Venetia to Napoleon III in exchange for non-intervention in the Austro-Prussian War and thus Napoleon III ceded Venetia to Italy on October 19 in exchange for the earlier Italian acquiescence to the French annexation of Savoy and Nice.

Under the Emperor Diocletian, in the late 3rd century AD, Salernum became the administrative centre of the " Bruttia and Lucania " province.

Under its terms the Emperor of Japan is " the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people " and exercises a purely ceremonial role without the possession of sovereignty.

Under Article 73 the new constitution was formally submitted to the Imperial Diet by the Emperor, through an imperial rescript issued on 20 June.

Under the reign of Emperor Claudius ( 41 – 54 ) the Noricum Kingdom was ultimately incorporated into the Roman Empire apparently without offering resistance.

Under pressure from radical and politicised pemuda (' youth ') groups, Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed Indonesian independence, on 17 August 1945, two days after the Japanese Emperor ’ s surrender in the Pacific.

Under the authorization of Stalin and Comintern, the delegation of CPC to Comintern led by Wang Ming issued a manifesto urging Chinese to set up a new united front against the Japanese, which was later called the Ba Yi Xuan Yan.

Under the Han Dynasty, China made great advances in many areas of the arts and sciences.

Under Liu Yuan, the Xiongnu rebelled near today's Linfen County and established the state of Han Zhao.

Under the succeeding Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, Confucian ideas gained even more widespread prominence.

" Han independence " was therefore scrapped in favor of the Five Races Under One Union principle, which later developed into the theory of Zhonghua minzu.

Under Guangwu's rule the Han Empire was restored.

Under Modu's leadership, the Xiongnu threatened the Han Dynasty, almost causing Liu Bang to lose his throne in 200 BCE.

Under Liu Yuan's leadership, they were joined by a large number of frontier Chinese and became known as Bei Han.

Under the Mongols ' control, Jurchens were mainly divided in two groups and treated differently: the ones who were born and raised in North China and fluent in Chinese were considered as Chinese people ( Han ); but the people who were born and raised in Jurchen's homeland ( Manchuria ) without a Chinese-speaking abilities were treated as Mongols politically.

Under the Han Dynasty, the Northern Silk Road was expanded to advance exploration and military purposes to the west.

Under Hongwu's rule, the Mongol bureaucrats who dominated the government in the Yuan Dynasty's time were replaced by Han Chinese officials.

Under the reign of the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC to 220 AD ), which brought China to its first golden age, Jiangsu was a relative backwater, far removed from the centers of civilization in the North China Plain.

Under the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Yuzhang Commandery was assigned to Yangzhou Province, as part of a trend to establish provinces ( zhou ) all across China.

In Shanghai and northern China, a " Five-Colored Flag " () ( Five Races Under One Union flag ) was used of five horizontal stripes representing the five major nationalities of China: the Han ( red ), the Manchu ( yellow ), the Mongol ( blue ), the Hui ( white ), and the Tibetan ( black ).

Under the dynastic laws after 1636, all Han Chinese in the banner system were forced to wear a queue and dress in Manchurian qipao instead of traditional Han Chinese clothing ( 剃发易服 ), under penalty of death ( along with the July 1645 edict ( the " haircutting order ") that forced all adult Han Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and comb the remaining hair into a queue, on pain of death ).

Under this scenario, Chanyu Zhi would be attacked and forced to retreat to the Dingling tribes ( around Lake Baikal ), and Xiongnu would be divided into 15 small kingdoms to be ruled by 15 descendants of Chanyu Huhanye, who had first established friendly relations with Han.

Under the ideology of the Five Races in Unity, Huangdi became the common ancestor of the Han, the Manchus, the Mongols, the Tibetans, and the Hui Muslims, who were said to form the Zhonghua minzu, a broadly understood Chinese nation.

Under Emperor Wu of Han, the Chinese launched a series of massive cavalry expeditions against the Xiongnu, defeating them and conquering much of what is now Northern China, Western China, Mongolia, Central Asia, and Korea.

Under the Wei Dynasty, the military system changed from the centralized military system of the Han.

Under Goi's reign, Baekje expanded control of the Han River region and gained permanent ascendancy over the remaining states of the Mahan, a loose confederacy in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula.

Under the strong influence of Chinese culture and forces of cultural assimilation brought by Han settlers in the 17th century, the aborigines have gradually adopted Han names.