Uniformitarianism was formulated by Scottish naturalists in the late 18th century, starting with the work of the geologist James Hutton, which was refined by John Playfair and popularised by Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology in 1830.

The principle of Uniformitarianism states that the geologic processes observed in operation that modify the Earth's crust at present have worked in much the same way over geologic time.

Uniformitarianism is the assumption that the same natural laws and processes that operate in the universe now, have always operated in the universe in the past and apply everywhere in the universe.

* The assumption is that the same natural laws and processes that operate in the universe now, have always operated in the universe in the past and apply everywhere in the universe: Uniformitarianism.

Uniformitarianism was originally proposed in contrast to catastrophism, which states that the distant past " consisted of epochs of paroxysmal and catastrophic action interposed between periods of comparative tranquility " Especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most geologists took this interpretation to mean that catastrophic events are not important in geologic time ; one example of this is the debate of the formation of the Channeled Scablands due to the catastrophic Missoula glacial outburst floods.

* Uniformitarianism discussed at PhysicalGeography. net

* Uniformitarianism discussed at the Geography section of About. com

* The geological Principle of Uniformitarianism applies to soils, i. e., pedogenic processes active in soils today have been operating for long periods of time, back to the time of appearance of organisms on the land surface.

This persistence of regularities is sometimes called Uniformitarianism or the Principle of the Uniformity of Nature.

Uniformitarianism has been a key principle of geology and virtually all fields of science, but naturalism's modern geologists, while accepting that geology has occurred across deep time, no longer hold to a strict gradualism.

He saw landforms as supporting Lyell's Uniformitarianism which explained features as the outcome of a gradual process over huge periods of time, and quickly showed a gift for theorising about the geology he was examining.

In Dream of Scipio, Cicero describes what seems to be an out of body experience, of the soul traveling high above the Earth, looking down at the small planet, from far away.

A longitude describes the location of a place on Earth east or west of a north-south line called the Prime Meridian.

This story describes an expedition from a Utopian Socialist Earth arriving at a Mars which is divided between two oppressive, warring empires.

Most solid materials are elastic, so this equation describes such phenomena as seismic waves in the Earth and ultrasonic waves used to detect flaws in materials.

Scott Cunningham describes the Akasha as the spiritual force that Earth, Air, Fire, and Water descend from.

Along with the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle, the carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are key to making the Earth capable of sustaining life ; it describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere.

The ideas of a flat Earth, Counter-Earth, and Central Fire were all eventually superseded by the theory of Gravitation ( which is currently held by the scientific community ) that describes a spherical Earth both rotating on its own axis and revolving around the sun.

The novel describes a future where the planet Earth has allied with an extraterrestrial species known as ' Starmen in their war against another species, the Reegs.

* Gong album 2032 ( released September 2009 ) describes the year 2032 to be the year that the Planet Gong makes full contact with the planet Earth

To provide a clearer idea of what constitutes geophysics, this section describes phenomena that are studied in physics and how they relate to the Earth and its surroundings.

Milton names and describes the most prominent of these whose names in heaven had been " blotted out and ras'd ", but who would acquire new names " wandring ore the Earth ", being worshipped by man (" Devils to adore for Deities ").

The rotation axis of the Earth describes, over a period of 25, 700 years, a small circle ( blue ) among the stars, centered on the ecliptic north pole ( the blue E ) and with an angular radius of about 23. 4 °, an angle known as the obliquity of the ecliptic.

" Space weather describes the conditions in space that affect Earth and its technological systems.

He describes them as Heaven and Earth, denying the vulgar error that they are Castor and Pollux.

describes a flat planet much like the Earth as described by the Flat Earth Society, except it has a hole at the centre instead of a North Pole, and the underside contains fictional lands such as Atlantis and Lemuria.

* The backstory of The Dancers at the End of Time series by Michael Moorcock describes a civilization which consumed all the energy in all the stars in the universe, save Earth's own sun, in order to fuel an existence in which the inheritors of Earth lived as near omnipotent gods.

In The Model of the Motions, Ibn al-Haytham also describes an early version of Occam's razor, where he employs only minimal hypotheses regarding the properties that characterize astronomical motions, as he attempts to eliminate from his planetary model the cosmological hypotheses that cannot be observed from Earth.

Narration of the planetarium-like flythrough describes notable features and views from angles not possible from Earth.

The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or H < sub > 2 </ sub > O cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.

* Brian Aldiss, in his novel Hothouse, describes a future Earth where a single huge banyan covers half of the globe, because individual trees discover the ability to join together, as well as drop adventitious roots.

The Bhagavata Purana describes the story of Narada's spiritual enlightenment: He was the primary source of information among Gods, and is believed to be the first journalist on Earth.

Lester R. Brown, a prominent environmentalist and founder of the Worldwatch Institute and Earth Policy Institute, describes sustainable living in the 21st century as " shifting to a renewable energy-based, reuse / recycle economy with a diversified transport system.

He considers the Earth, stone and sands, and describes different types of ground, indicating which types are more convenient for plants and the qualities and properties of good ground.

Whereas fracture and cleavage describes the surfaces that are created when a mineral is broken, tenacity describes how resistant a mineral is to such breaking.

In his Commentarii de Bello Gallico ( Commentaries on the Gallic War ), Caesar describes how at the Battle of Alesia the Roman legions created two huge fortified walls around the city.

Others present these stories as mythology deriving from Greek cultural influence, deriving arguments mainly from Hesiod ’ s " Works and Days ", which portrays the basic moral foundation and plantation techniques of the citizens of Greece and describes the races of men, created by the Greek deities.

In the Song of Songs, Gregory metaphorically describes human lives as paintings created by apprentices to a master: the apprentices ( the human wills ) imitate their master's work ( the life of Christ ) with beautiful colors ( virtues ), and thus man strives to be a reflection of Christ.

Frederik L. Schodt describes June as " a kind of ' readers ' magazine, created by and for the readers.

As David Bordwell describes, technological improvements continued at a swift pace: " Between 1932 and 1935, Electric and RCA created directional microphones, increased the frequency range of film recording, reduced ground noise ... and extended the volume range.

He was created by Camelot employee Fumihide Aoki and is voiced by Charles Martinet, who describes Waluigi as being someone who has a lot of self-pity and would " cheat to win.

Tolkien describes the language as being created by Sauron as an artificial language to be the sole language of all the servants of Mordor, thereby replacing the many different varieties of Orkish and other languages used by his servants.

Additive color describes the situation where color is created by mixing the visible light emitted from differently colored light sources.

Louis Pauwels, in his book " Monsieur Gurdjieff ", describes Haushofer as a former student of George Gurdjieff ; Others, including Pauwels, said that Haushofer created a Vril society ; and that he was a secret member of the Thule Society.

" in reference to Ricky Gervais Meets ...; the article, however, also describes him as " a very funny man " who " created one of the great sitcoms ".

These include a story of a loon which created the world in a Chippewa story ; a Micmac saga describes Kwee-moo, the loon who was a special messenger of Glooscap ( Glu-skap ), the tribal hero ; native tribes of British Columbia believed that an excess of calls from this bird predicted rain, and even brought it ; and the tale of the loon's necklace was handed down in many versions among Pacific Coast peoples.

Sefer Yetzirah describes how the universe was created by the " God of Israel " ( a list of all of God's Hebrew names appears in the first sentence of the book ) through " 32 wondrous ways of wisdom ":

Historian Leila Rupp describes the ICSE as a classic example of transnational organizing ; " It created a network across national borders, nurtured a transnational homophile identity, and engaged in activism designed to change both laws and minds.

DiMaggio describes Bender's voice as a combination of a sloppy drunk, Slim Pickens and a character his college friend created named " Charlie the sausage-lover ".

The work also describes how Urizen created the world.

Roland Barthes describes such characters as " paper beings ", and fiction comprises their narratives of personal experience as created by the author.

This describes a stroke which begins wide and ends as a narrow line, created by starting with the brush far from the support and moving it evenly closer as the line is drawn.

In “ Gestalt Psychology ”, Köhler describes advancements made in physiological research and the tools they had created to measure covert behaviours.

In fact, these events did not occur as Cloud describes ; rather, they are an amalgamation of Cloud's actual past ( as a member of the Shinra army who failed to enter SOLDIER ) along with his friend Zack's own past, mixed with memories gleaned from Tifa's mind, created out of a combination of shame, Jenova cells and manipulation by Sephiroth.

He describes Yéle as a non-political organization intended to empower the people of Haiti and the Haitian diaspora to rebuild their nation, saying, " The objective of Yéle Haiti is to restore pride and a reason to hope, and for the whole country to regain the deep spirit and strength that is part of our heritage ".. Yéle Haiti was created in October 2004 with Wyclef's cousin Jerry ' Wonder ' Duplessis.

It succinctly sums the differences between Gandhi and Nehru on the issue of secularism, and describes how this divergence sometimes created problems for the government in the early years of Independence.

Hand of the University of Glamorgan, in a detailed critical analysis of the series, argued that Cooper and Chappell " created works of astonishing originality " ( Hand, 145 ); he further describes the program as an " extraordinary body of work " ( Hand, 158 ), which established Cooper " as one of the greatest auteurs of horror radio.