Uniformitarianism has been a key principle of geology and virtually all fields of science, but naturalism's modern geologists, while accepting that geology has occurred across deep time, no longer hold to a strict gradualism.

In 1961 the first important legislative victory of the Kennedy Administration came when the principle of national responsibility for local economic distress won out over a `` state's-responsibility '' proposal -- provision was made for payment for unemployment relief by nation-wide taxation rather than by a levy only on those states afflicted with manpower surplus.

For better or for worse, we all now live in welfare states, the organizing principle of which is collective responsibility for individual well-being.

The greatest impact of the matching-fund principle has been in initially encouraging the poorest states and school districts to spend enough to obtain their full allocation of outside funds.

To prevent this unphysical situation from happening, Dirac proposed that a " sea " of negative-energy electrons fills the universe, already occupying all of the lower-energy states so that, due to the Pauli exclusion principle, no other electron could fall into them.

The most important of these was the principle that came to be called Ampère ’ s law, which states that the mutual action of two lengths of current-carrying wire is proportional to their lengths and to the intensities of their currents.

This provision has been dormant since Queen Victoria ascended the throne, because she did not inherit Hanover under the Salic Laws of the German states, but in principle it could again become relevant in the future.

The strong anthropic principle ( SAP ) as explained by Barrow and Tipler ( see variants ) states that this is all the case because the Universe is compelled, in some sense, for conscious life to eventually emerge.

Critics of the SAP argue in favor of a weak anthropic principle ( WAP ) similar to the one defined by Brandon Carter, which states that the universe's ostensible fine tuning is the result of selection bias: i. e., only in a universe capable of eventually supporting life will there be living beings capable of observing any such fine tuning, while a universe less compatible with life will go unbeheld.

The anthropic principle states that this is a necessity, because if life were impossible, no one would know it.

The cosmological principle states that on large scales the Universe is homogeneous and isotropic.

If the large-scale Universe appears isotropic as viewed from Earth, the cosmological principle can be derived from the simpler Copernican principle, which states that there is no preferred ( or special ) observer or vantage point.

According to some versions of functionalism, even non-human systems, such as other animal species, alien life forms, or advanced computers can, in principle, have mental states.

Fred Dretske has objected to the transitivity principle on the basis that we often experience mental states that are consciously different without being aware of the conscious different.

In physical cosmology, the Copernican principle, named after Nicolaus Copernicus, states that the Earth is not in a central, specially favored position.

An underlying principle in Taoism states that within every independent entity lies a part of its opposite.

The Huygens – Fresnel principle is one such model ; it states that each point on a wavefront generates a secondary spherical wavelet, and that the disturbance at any subsequent point can be found by summing the contributions of the individual wavelets at that point.

The guiding principle for the qualification of Dublin Core elements, colloquially known as the Dumb-Down Principle, states that an application that does not understand a specific element refinement term should be able to ignore the qualifier and treat the metadata value as if it were an unqualified ( broader ) element.

The report to the European Parliament of 2001 states: " If UKUSA states operate listening stations in the relevant regions of the earth, in principle they can intercept all telephone, fax and data traffic transmitted via such satellites.

This argument is embodied in the Copernican principle, which states that the Earth does not occupy a unique position in the Universe, and the mediocrity principle, which holds that there is nothing special about life on Earth.

The competitive exclusion principle states that two species cannot coexist indefinitely by living off the same limiting resource ; one will always outcompete the other.

The first principle of skilled memory, the meaningful encoding principle, states that experts exploit prior knowledge to durably encode information needed to perform a familiar task successfully.

The principle geologic formations in Carter County, ranked in order of surface exposure, are:

Though the essential principle of design is the same as in other accelerometers, gravimeters are typically designed to be much more sensitive in order to measure very tiny fractional changes within the Earth's gravity of 1 g, caused by nearby geologic structures or the shape of the Earth and by temporal tidal variations.

Accurate description, mapping, and sampling for laboratory analysis of outcrops made possible all of the geologic sciences and the development of fundamental geologic laws such as: law of superposition, principle of original horizontality, principle of lateral continuity, and principle of faunal succession.

Some early scientists such as Georg Ernst Stahl ( 1659-1734 ) and Francisque Bouillier ( 1813 – 1899 ) had supported a form of animism which life and mind, the directive principle in evolution and growth, holding that all cannot be traced back to chemical and mechanical processes, but that there is a directive force which guides energy without altering its amount.

The principle of locality states that physical processes occurring at one place should have no immediate effect on the elements of reality at another location.

It appears to me, that the general conclusions established by Mesmer ’ s practice, with respect to the physical effects of the principle of imagination [...] are incomparably more curious than if he had actually demonstrated the existence of his boasted science " animal magnetism ": nor can I see any good reason why a physician, who admits the efficacy of the moral psychological agents employed by Mesmer, should, in the exercise of his profession, scruple to copy whatever processes are necessary for subjecting them to his command, any more than that he should hesitate about employing a new physical agent, such as electricity or galvanism.

As formulated in Bateman's principle, females have a greater initial investment in producing offspring ( pregnancy in mammals or the production of the egg in birds and reptiles ), and this difference in initial investment creates differences in variance in expected reproductive success and bootstraps the sexual selection processes.

The principle of linguistic relativity holds that the structure of a language affects the ways in which its speakers conceptualize their world, i. e. their world view, or otherwise influences their cognitive processes.

The concept of linguistic relativity describes different formulations of the principle that cognitive processes such as thought and experience may be influenced by the categories and patterns of the language that a person speaks.

The positivity of energy release in these processes means that they are allowed kinematically ( they do not violate the conservation of energy ) and, thus, in principle, can occur.

To this principle it adds a materialist connection: All the processes of logic which interpret, organize and abstract observations, are physical phenomena which take place in real time and physical space: namely, in the brains of human beings.

Now, in the 1951 version of " On Contradiction ", he saw contradiction as a universal principle underlying all processes of development, yet with each contradiction possessed of its own particularity.

Grassroots democracy is a tendency towards designing political processes where as much decision-making authority as practical is shifted to the organization's lowest geographic level of organization: principle of subsidiarity.

Torquemada's puzzles were extremely obscure and difficult, and later setters reacted against this tendency by developing a standard for fair clues, ones that can be solved, at least in principle, by deduction, without needing leaps of faith or insights into the setter's thought processes.

Manipulating this natural response to damage ( known as the principle of apical dominance ) by processes such as pruning ( as well as coppicing and pollarding ) allows the Arborist to determine the shape, size and productivity of many fruiting trees and bushes.

RP-HPLC operates on the principle of hydrophobic interactions, which originates from the high symmetry in the dipolar water structure and plays the most important role in all processes in life science.

Because this history is currently described ( after the first fraction of a second after the origin ) almost entirely in terms of known physical processes and particle physics, the cosmological principle is extended to assert the homogeneity of cosmological evolution across the anisotropy of time: … all points in space ought to experience the same physical development, correlated in time in such a way that all points at a certain distance from an observer appear to be at the same stage of development.

Furthermore, it speculates as to a possible teleological end to its development — that is, it asks if there is a design, purpose, directive principle, or finality in the processes of human history.

Teleology is the supposition that there is a purpose or directive principle in the works and processes of nature.

The sensitivity of silver halides to light is the underlying principle behind most types of 19th century photographic processes-Daguerreotypes, Ambrotypes, Calotypes that use paper negatives, and wet and dry plate processes.

In particle physics, it reflects the changes in the underlying force laws ( codified in a quantum field theory ) as the energy scale at which physical processes occur varies, energy / momentum and resolution distance scales being effectively conjugate under the uncertainty principle ( cf.

Common problems with all field emission devices, particularly those that operate in " industrial vacuum conditions " is that the emission performance can be degraded by the adsorption of gas atoms arriving from elsewhere in the system, and the emitter shape can be in principle be modified deleteriously by a variety of unwanted subsidiary processes, such as bombardment by ions created by the impact of emitted electrons onto gas-phase atoms and / or onto the surface of counter-electrodes.

The great power in viewing a mind as a society of agents, as opposed to the consequence of some basic principle or some simple formal system, is that different agents can be based on different types of processes with different purposes, ways of representing knowledge, and methods for producing results.

Chopra has been criticized for his frequent references to the relationship of quantum mechanics to healing processes, a connection that has drawn skepticism from some physicists who say it can be considered as contributing to the general confusion in the popular press regarding quantum measurement, decoherence and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Members of the principally British " Associationist School ", including John Locke, David Hume, David Hartley, James Mill, John Stuart Mill, Alexander Bain and Ivan Pavlov, asserted that the principle applied to all or most mental processes.

For instance, if a recommendation to replace a given policy with a better one is made with proper justification and accepted in principle by business process owners, then corresponding changes in the consequent processes and procedures will follow naturally in order to enable implementation of the policies

Historically, the term Tesla principle was used to describe ( amongst other things ) certain reversible processes invented by Nikola Tesla.