Until internal combustion became cheap, he had to be near a railroad siding and a trolley line or an existing large community of lower-class homes.

Until about 2000, users of Unix desktops regarded CDE as the de facto standard, but at that time, other desktop environments such as GNOME and K Desktop Environment 2 were quickly becoming mature, and became almost universal on the Linux platform, which already had a larger user base than most commercial Unixes in total.

Until the early 19th century Africans were captured, kidnapped, and forced into slavery to work on plantations when sugarcane became the most important export of the island.

Until 1992, Mauritius was a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state, but on 12 March of that year, the country became a republic within the Commonwealth.

Until the late nineteenth century sugar was purchased in loaves, which had to be cut using implements called ' nips ', while in later years, bags of sugar became more common.

* Until the First World War, the Moulin Rouge became a real temple of operetta.

Showing Psyche's darker dance side, the " Private Desires " release became an exclusive retrospective of Psyche's early beginnings and included " Brain Collapses " live as well as the ' insider tip ' " Secret Angel ", as well as a previously unreleased " Until the Shadows " from Darrin's brother.

Until Christianity became dominant in the fourth century, Isis was one of the most popular deities in the whole region.

Until the 1960s, it was common practice for the vice president to preside over daily Senate sessions, so the president pro tempore rarely presided unless the vice presidency became vacant.

Until the Dutch Golden Age Utrecht was the city of most importance of the Netherlands until Amsterdam became its cultural and most populous centre.

Until the 1970s and 1980s, when the disease's molecular genetics became known, the juvenile and adult forms of the disease were not always recognized as variants of Tay – Sachs disease.

Until the 1830s, the Pawnee in what became United States territory were relatively isolated from interaction with Europeans and escaped some of the losses due to introduction of Eurasian infectious diseases, such as measles, smallpox, and cholera, to which Native Americans had no immunity.

Until leavened bread and baking ovens became commonplace in Europe, porridge was a typical means of preparing cereal crops for the table.

In 1509 Cranach went to the Netherlands, and painted the Emperor Maximilian and the boy who afterwards became Emperor Charles V. Until 1508 Cranach signed his works with his initials.

Until the 19th century the area was predominantly rural, but as London expanded in the second half of the 19th century it became extremely built-up.

Until the internet became accessible to the general public in the early 1990s, slash was hard to find, published only in fan-edited non-profit fanzines ( often called only " zines "), usually priced just high enough to recoup printing costs, sold via adzines or at conventions.

Until the 1960s, DeKalb was a mainly agricultural county, but as the sprawl of the metropolitan Atlanta region expanded, DeKalb became increasingly urbanized.

Until other forms of gambling became legal in Arkansas four decades later, Oaklawn Park, a thoroughbred horse racing track south of downtown, was the only legal gambling establishment in Hot Springs and one of only two in the state of Arkansas ; the other was the Southland Greyhound Park dog track in West Memphis.

Until it became a part of Leudal on 1 January 2007 Haelen was a separate municipality, including the villages of Buggenum, Horn, and Nunhem.

Until it became a part of Leudal on 1 January 2007, Heythuysen was a separate municipality, including the villages of Baexem, Grathem and Kelpen-Oler.

Until it became a part of Leudal on 1 January 2007, Hunsel was a separate municipality, covering also the villages of Ell, Haler, Ittervoort and Neeritter

Until 1979 the college did not allow women students, but in 1993 Exeter College became the first of the former all-male colleges to elect a woman, Marilyn Butler, as its Rector.

Until 1861 Hubbard remained a country-crossroads with relatively few houses or inhabitants ; however, when the coal fields began to develop, the corners rapidly became a village.

Until 1969 the rail link continued to Lewes ; after it was closed Uckfield became the terminus ; the station building was rebuilt in 1991 to avoid the necessity of a level crossing.

Until the 2009 film became part of the franchise's canon, " Nyota " was one of three possibilities ; the other two were " Penda " and " Samara ":

Until 2005, the Lord Chancellor fused the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary, as he was the ex officio Speaker of the House of Lords, a Government Minister who sat in Cabinet and was head of the Lord Chancellor's Department which administered the courts, the justice system and appointed judges, and was the head of the Judiciary in England and Wales and sat as a judge on the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords, the highest domestic court in the entire United Kingdom, and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the senior tribunal court for parts of the Commonwealth.

Until recently, there was no formal protection for those who spoke up from a position of knowledge inside government, with even senior civil servants ( Shiv Chopra being one notable case ) fired or constructively dismissed for speaking up about internal abuses.

Until fully activated with its own headquarters staff, an army area was typically jointly staffed, headquartered and commanded by the most senior corps commander in that area.

Until it was completed the bridge was known as the Jubilee Bridge in honour of King George V. It was opened on 6 July 1940 by Sir Leslie Orme Wilson, Governor of Queensland and named for John Douglas Story, a senior and influential public servant who had advocated strongly for the bridge's construction.

Until 2003 an Irish " Chief of the Name " was a person recognised by the Chief Herald of Ireland as the most senior known male descendant of the last inaugurated or de facto chief of that name in power in Gaelic Ireland at or before the end of the 16th century.

Until 1788 a rank of brigadier des armées (" brigadier of the armies "), which could be described as a senior colonel or junior brigade commander, was used in the French Army.

Until 1793, a rank of brigadier des armées (" brigadier of the armies ") existed in the French Army, which could be described as a senior colonel or junior brigade commander.

Until his death in Minneapolis, Minnesota at 81, Burnquist maintained the bearing and manner of a strong-willed senior statesman.

Until 1887, Caroline Astor had been formally known as " Mrs. William Astor ", but with her sister-in-law's death that year, she shortened her formal title to " Mrs. Astor ", as she was then the senior Mrs. Astor, the only remaining one in her generation.

Until 1942, First Army's commander was always the senior commander of one of its three corps areas.

Until this time, senior chiefs had a senior enlisted leadership role in the submarine force as chiefs of the boat.

Until his retirement in 2003, Chief Master Sergeant Norman Marous was the Air Force's most senior Chief Master Sergeant, having served in the Air Force since 1962.

Until the revision of the constitution of 2002, he had to be a French citizen, selected from several senior civil servants proposed by the French Government.

* Until the Sun Falls ( 1969 ) -- Psin, a senior general of reconnaissance from the steppe, takes part in the Mongol conquest of Russia and the nearly-successful invasion of Eastern Europe in the first generation following the death of Genghis Khan, c. 1240.

Until 1997, Lycée de Galatasaray was an 8-year school, which, for graduates of the 5-year compulsory primary school, involved 2 years of preparatory, 3 years of junior high, and 3 years of senior high school education.

#: Until 1999 it was traditional for the Prime Minister, senior and long-serving Ministers of the Crown, the Chief Justice and Judges of the Court of Appeal to be appointed to the Privy Council.

Until the 1970s, both Second Grammar and senior school years were divided into classes according to an ability spectrum.

Until 1966, their duties were performed by both officer and senior enlisted Naval Aviation Observers ( NAO ).

Until her retirement from the BBC Abramsky was its most senior woman employee ; she was Director of Audio and Music.

Until recently, many of the residents in Tai Kok Tsui were senior citizens but there has been a more recent influx of younger people, especially those returning to Hong Kong after time spent overseas.

Until 2008, he was a senior writer in the Arts section at Newsweek magazine, specializing in articles on books and music.

Until July 2012, Robert Forsythe is dean of the College of Business, joining USF in 2006 from the Tippie College of Business at the University of Iowa where he served simultaneously as the Leonard A. Hadley Chair in Leadership and senior associate dean.

Until 1990 Boris Nemtsov worked as a senior scientist at the Gorky Radio-Physics Research Institute ( Горьковский научно-иссследовательский радиофизический институт, НИРФИ ).

Until the Crimean War, the Army's senior officers ( mostly veterans of Wellington's campaigns ) made few changes to the Army.