Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences, but in modern usage the fine arts, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, are distinguished from acquired skills in general, and the decorative or applied arts.

Until modern times there was no clear distinction between the architect and engineer.

Until modern times, precious metals such as gold or silver typically were used to retain the commodity nature of the store of value function of money.

Until his death in 1848, Muhammad Ali Pasha instituted a number of social and economic reforms that earned him the title of founder of modern Egypt.

Until modern times, nitrogen fixation was the major source of nitrogen for ecosystems.

Until 1902, a possible enclave of Dorset people or Sadlermiut ( in modern Inuktitut spelling Sallirmiut ) existed on Southampton Island.

Until the modern era lullabies were usually only recorded incidentally in written sources.

Until the late eighteenth century, the principal towns were on the east coast — Al Huwayla, Fuwayrit, and Al Bida — and the modern city of Doha developed around the largest of these, Al Bida.

Until modern times, the form of government for almost all states was monarchy.

Until the construction boom of the late 1970s, relatively few modern buildings had been constructed.

Until 1060 the kings of Uppsala ruled most of modern Sweden except the southern and western coastal regions, which remained under Danish rule until the 17th century.

Until 1990, Albania was one of the world's most isolated and controlled countries, and installation and maintenance of a modern system of international and domestic telecommunications was precluded.

Until the 17th century, the Ruthenian language, the predecessor of modern Belarusian, was used in Grand Duchy as a chancery language, that is the language used for official documents.

Until the advent of light weight modern sailcloth and modern sail handling systems, the larger sails of a sloop were somewhat of a disadvantage.

Until the 18th Century, prisoners were housed in the towers of the medieval and early modern fortifications store.

Until the modern era, smoking was of a more " heavy duty " nature as the main goal was to preserve the food.

Until modern times, cloves grew only on a few islands in the Maluku Islands ( historically called the Spice Islands ), including Bacan, Makian, Moti, Ternate, and Tidore.

Until Kenyan independence in 1963, the fastest and most modern ferry,, was designated a Royal Mail Ship.

Until the early modern period, the two remained separate cities: Clermont, an episcopal city ; Montferrand, a comital one.

Until 1863, the Spartans simply visited loved ones in the military and delivered the equivalent of modern day care packages.

Until 1975 it formed part of the county of Renfrewshire for local government purposes along with the modern council areas of Renfrewshire and Inverclyde.

Until 2003, Tate Liverpool was the largest gallery of modern and contemporary art in the UK outside of London.

Until 1878 Bulgarian was influenced lexically by medieval and modern Greek, and to a much lesser extent, by Turkish.

Until 1980 secondary modern education was provided by schools in the town itself ; and grammar school education by Hyde Grammar School.

Until the advent of genetic techniques like DNA sequencing, comparative anatomy together with embryology were the primary tools for understanding phylogeny, as exemplified by the work of Alfred Romer.

Until recent mitochondrial DNA evidence, P. hernandesi was considered to be the same species as P. douglasii.

Until recently, the majority view has been that much of the DNA is " junk "— DNA that is never transcribed and has no biological function.

Until the new DNA data is available – and even then only if it would show a significant difference -, it is really a matter of opinion whether one follows a lumper or a splitter approach.

Until the improvements in biochemical analysis methods towards the end of the 20th century, very little was known about the relationships between the smaller carnivorous marsupials: it is only in recent years that it has been possible to discover that the Planigalinae are a distinct group within the Dasyuromorphia.

Until the mid-1930s, it was generally regarded as highly suspect, but the analysis and play of three strong Ukrainian players in particular — Alexander Konstantinopolsky, Isaac Boleslavsky, and David Bronstein — helped to make the defence much more respected and popular.

Until McCrone's death in 2002, he continued to comment on and explain the analysis he had performed, and he became a prominent figure in the ongoing Shroud of Turin controversy.

Until his retirement in 1995, he was a professor for complex analysis in Münster.

Until 1980 Napa Gamay was believed to be the Gamay of Beaujolais, but following genetic analysis the name ' Napa Gamay ' has been banned from U. S. wine labels since January 1999.

Until November 1, 2003, the L classification was known as A-IV, which meant " morally unobjectionable for adults, with reservations " and was given to films which, in the Office's judgment, " while not morally offensive in themselves, require caution and some analysis and explanation as a protection to the uninformed against wrong interpretations and false conclusions.

Until just recently, analysis of food was limited to the flavor of food ( sensory taste and texture ) and its nutritional value ( composition of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water, vitamins and minerals ).

Until recently, only two species were recognized in this genus, but C. israelita was re-validated in 2003 ( having long been considered a synonym of chiropotes ), where it – based on differences in colour of pelage, karyotype, and molecular analysis – also was recommended treating C. chiropotes and C. utahickae as species separate from C. satanas.

Until the introduction of functional analysis in the 1920s, the study of functions of a real variable was one of the two major subdivisions of mathematical analysis.

The CBC's flagship newscast, The National, airs weeknights and Sundays at 10: 00 p. m. and Saturdays at 6: 00 p. m. Until October 2006, CBC-owned and operated stations aired a second broadcast of the program at 11 p. m ; this later broadcast included only the main news portion of the program, and excluded the analysis and documentary segment.

Until 1985, discoveries made in the park had to be shipped to museums throughout the world for scientific analysis and display, including the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa, and the American Museum of Natural History in New York.

Until 1999 the islanders received US $ 180M for continued American use of Kwajalein atoll, US $ 250M in compensation for nuclear testing, and US $ 600M in other payments under the compact.

Until recent time, the islanders had never emphasized the Polynesian side of their heritage, she said.

Until the Spanish Civil War of 1936, most islanders arrived in Cuba, and it is difficult to find a Canary Island family today in which some family member did not go to Cuba during the early decades of the 20th century.