Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences, but in modern usage the fine arts, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, are distinguished from acquired skills in general, and the decorative or applied arts.

Until modern times there was no clear distinction between the architect and engineer.

Until modern times, precious metals such as gold or silver typically were used to retain the commodity nature of the store of value function of money.

Until his death in 1848, Muhammad Ali Pasha instituted a number of social and economic reforms that earned him the title of founder of modern Egypt.

Until modern times, nitrogen fixation was the major source of nitrogen for ecosystems.

Until 1902, a possible enclave of Dorset people or Sadlermiut ( in modern Inuktitut spelling Sallirmiut ) existed on Southampton Island.

Until the modern era lullabies were usually only recorded incidentally in written sources.

Until the late eighteenth century, the principal towns were on the east coast — Al Huwayla, Fuwayrit, and Al Bida — and the modern city of Doha developed around the largest of these, Al Bida.

Until modern times, the form of government for almost all states was monarchy.

Until the construction boom of the late 1970s, relatively few modern buildings had been constructed.

Until 1060 the kings of Uppsala ruled most of modern Sweden except the southern and western coastal regions, which remained under Danish rule until the 17th century.

Until 1990, Albania was one of the world's most isolated and controlled countries, and installation and maintenance of a modern system of international and domestic telecommunications was precluded.

Until the 17th century, the Ruthenian language, the predecessor of modern Belarusian, was used in Grand Duchy as a chancery language, that is the language used for official documents.

Until the advent of light weight modern sailcloth and modern sail handling systems, the larger sails of a sloop were somewhat of a disadvantage.

Until the 18th Century, prisoners were housed in the towers of the medieval and early modern fortifications store.

Until the modern era, smoking was of a more " heavy duty " nature as the main goal was to preserve the food.

Until modern times, cloves grew only on a few islands in the Maluku Islands ( historically called the Spice Islands ), including Bacan, Makian, Moti, Ternate, and Tidore.

Until Kenyan independence in 1963, the fastest and most modern ferry,, was designated a Royal Mail Ship.

Until the early modern period, the two remained separate cities: Clermont, an episcopal city ; Montferrand, a comital one.

Until 1863, the Spartans simply visited loved ones in the military and delivered the equivalent of modern day care packages.

Until 1975 it formed part of the county of Renfrewshire for local government purposes along with the modern council areas of Renfrewshire and Inverclyde.

Until 2003, Tate Liverpool was the largest gallery of modern and contemporary art in the UK outside of London.

Until 1878 Bulgarian was influenced lexically by medieval and modern Greek, and to a much lesser extent, by Turkish.

Until 1980 secondary modern education was provided by schools in the town itself ; and grammar school education by Hyde Grammar School.

Until the early 1970s, the government had favored the railroads, believing they better met the country's requirements for transportation and that the primary purpose of roads was to act as feeders to the rail system.

Until 1961, because of the lack of paved roads, travel in Bhutan was by foot or on muleback or horseback.

Until the completion of the bypass, the A34 and A4 met in the town centre at Robin Hood Roundabout, a complicated gyratory system encompassing 6 approaching roads, a fire station, ambulance station and an exit on the inside of the roundabout, which has to fly-over the roundabout as it heads away to the north.

Until 1914 and completion of the Red Brick Road ( now Bothell Way, part of State Route 522 ) to nearby Kenmore and Bothell, it also marked the literal end of improved roads heading north from Seattle, with best access to points further north and east being by boat across Lake Washington or the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway.

Until 30 June 2008, there were large unincorporated areas in the Northern Territory with over of roads in those areas with 92 percent of the territory area and 16. 5 percent of its population.

Until the mid-18th Century the north of Lambeth was marshland, crossed by a number of roads raised against floods.

Until the 1930s, the area was mostly rural, with housing only along the main roads.

Until the late 19th century Ferghana, like everywhere else in Central Asia, was dependent on the camel, horse and donkey for transport, while roads were few and bad.

Until the construction of modern roads, the peninsula was almost inaccessible in winter due to the band of marshland cutting off the higher ground of the promontory itself.

Until the restoration following the quake of 1894, the grand Bazaar had no shops as we know them in the western world: along both sides of the roads merchants sat on wooden divans in front of their shelves.

Until the establishment of roads and railways in the early 1900s, Taihape, like other rural towns, remained largely an isolated pioneer settlement.

Until the quality of roads improved there was little demand for faster vehicles and engines were geared accordingly to cope with their use on rough roads and farm tracks.

Until the early 1950s, when residential development commenced in the area, Warrigal Road formed the boundary of suburban development, with market gardens, poultry farms and unmade roads to the east.

Until about 1880 the village had toll roads and a toll house to collect the fees.

Until the station's demolition between 2003 and 2005 the old eastbound platform could be seen from passing trains heading from White City to Shepherd's Bush and the former eastbound platform was incorporated into the new depots roads using the single track can now clearly be seen when leaving White City station when travelling to Shepherd ’ s Bush station.

Until 1980, they were illegal on the UK's roads.

Until 1936, M-22's route was on Cherry Bend and Center roads in Leelanau County to Suttons Bay.

Until recently Hawkesbury city remained largely rural, but urban expansion within Sydney has since transformed the southern part of the area into dormitory suburbs ; the lack of quality roads and public transport is a major local issue.

Until the mid-1760s Burslem was relatively cut off from the rest of England ; it had no navigable river nearby, and there were no good & reliable roads.

Until the advent of the turnpike, local villagers were responsible for the upkeep of the roads in their parish.

Until 1937, when the highway went in, there were no roads in the centre of town, just paths between the buildings on the north and south sides of the CPR tracks.

Until 1999, Martinsville was notorious for having two pit roads.

Until 1817, when a road was built along the Amman valley, Betws was only accessible by roads crossing the mountain from Neath and Swansea.