Until the 15th century these small states were on the periphery of the major Sudanic empires of the era.

Until the 15th century, the Portuguese were limited to coastal cabotage navigation using barques and barinels ( ancient cargo vessels used in the Mediterranean ).

Until the 15th century, Gnezdovo was a part of the independent Smolensk principality.

Until the late 15th century introduction of the contratenor bassus, the tenor was usually the lowest voice, assuming the role of providing a harmonic foundation.

Until the 15th century, La Rochelle was to be the largest French harbour on the Atlantic coast, dealing mainly in wine, salt and cheese.

Until the 15th century, the linen and worsted industry was important here, as well as in North Walsham and Worstead, and Aylsham webb or ' cloth of Aylsham ' was supplied to the royal palaces of Edward II and III.

Until the 15th century it was the manufacture of linen which was the more important, and Aylsham linens and Aylsham canvases were nationally known.

Until the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls ( DSS ), the only surviving manuscripts of Jubilees were four complete Ge ' ez texts dating to the 15th and 16th centuries, and several quotations by the Church fathers such as Epiphanius, Justin Martyr, Origen, Diodorus of Tarsus, Isidore of Alexandria, Isidore of Seville, Eutychius of Alexandria, John Malalas, George Syncellus, and George Kedrenos.

Until early 15th century, Trzebinia was a royal village, then it passed into the hands of local noble families.

Until the mid 15th century, trade with the east was achieved through the Silk Road, with the Byzantine Empire and the Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa acting as a middle man.

Until the late 15th century, the town had a few guilds which remained without political or social power.

Until the 15th century Zanskar existed as a more or less independent Buddhist Kingdom ruled by between two and four related royal families.

( Until the 15th century, Gnezdovo was a part of the independent Principality of Smolensk.

Until approximately the 15th century, the ruling classes of most cities in present day Slovakia consisted almost exclusively of Germans.

Until the 15th century, the county head's co-judges were his deputy county head, the ( usually four ) noble judges, and a number of persons appointed ad hoc from among the present nobles.

Until the end of the 15th century, Brittany had managed to remain independent vis-à-vis its French and English neighbours.

Until the 15th century, Murano glassmakers were only producing drawn Rosetta beads made from mould-made Rosetta canes.

Until the 15th century, Faroese had a similar orthography to Icelandic and Norwegian, but after the Reformation in 1538, the ruling Danes outlawed its use in schools, churches and official documents.

Until the early 1980s, the regiment's administrative headquarters ( RHQ ) was at Brock Barracks, Reading, Berkshire, with a secondary or subsidiary headquarters at Le Marchant Barracks, Devizes, Wiltshire, but by 1982 a single RHQ had been permanently established in the Cathedral Close at Salisbury, Wiltshire, with the DERR regimental museum ,-including the museum collections of the former Royal Berkshire Regiment and the Wiltshire Regiment-established on the ground floor of the same historic building, which had for several centuries been known locally as The Wardrobe, with the building certainly dating back to the 15th Century, but possibly to as early as 1254.

Until the River Otter to the east silted up, the village was a market town and port ; it was still being used by ships in the 15th century, according to John Leland.

Until the 15th Century, it was common in Germany, particularly in Bavaria, to use rye malt for brewing beer.

Until the end of the 15th century the doublet was worn under another layer of clothing such as a gown, mantle, or overtunic.

Until the 15th century, the town ’ s centre was located one kilometre inland, next to the Chapel of Les Alegries ( the town ’ s main church before the Church of Sant Romà was built ) to protect itself from attacks from English, French, Turkish and Algerian pirates.

Until the late 15th century, the kholops represented a majority among the servants, who had been working lordly lands.

Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used.

Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences, but in modern usage the fine arts, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, are distinguished from acquired skills in general, and the decorative or applied arts.

Until the late 19th century, the axiom of choice was often used implicitly, although it had not yet been formally stated.

Until this point Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, but by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy and the Tyrol began so see increases in winter visitors.

Until the mid-20th century, anchors for smaller vessels were either scaled-down versions of admiralty anchors, or simple grapnels.

Until the late 19th century the only available propellant was black powder.

Until the mid 19th century most boats were of all natural materials ; primarily wood although reed, bark and animal skins were also used.

Until the early 20th century, unsure of the site of Palaepharsalos, scholars followed Arrian ( 2. 75 ) and located the battle south of the Enipeus or close to Pharsalos ( today's Pharsala ).

Until the 19th century the majority of battles were of short duration, many lasting a part of a day.

Until the mid-nineteenth century, commercial banks in Britain were able to issue their own banknotes, and notes issued by provincial banking companies were commonly in circulation.

Until the mid-19th century, the Museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the Museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography.

Until the end of the 19th century, it seems to have been generally assumed that the general meeting ( of all shareholders ) was the supreme organ of the company, and the board of directors was merely an agent of the company subject to the control of the shareholders in general meeting.

Until the 1911 reform, the psalms were arranged according to a disposition dating from the 8th century, as follows: Psalms i .– cviii., with some omissions, were recited at Matins, twelve each day from Monday to Saturday, and eighteen on Sunday.

Until the mid-19th century the Banda Islands were the world's only source of the spices nutmeg and mace, produced from the nutmeg tree.

Until the early seventeenth century the Bandas were ruled by a group of leading citizens, the orang kaya ( literally ' rich men '), each of these was a head of district.

Until the mid-19th century, when the river was tamed by dams, levees, and other controls, the Nile in the vicinity of Cairo was highly susceptible to changes in course and surface level.

Until the 16th century, no European had ever heard of the popular drink from the Central and South American peoples.

Until the 21st century most used cathode ray tubes but they have largely been superseded by LCD monitors.

Until the 20th century, there was no technology capable of detecting the deviations from Euclidean geometry, but Einstein predicted that such deviations would exist.

Until the 19th century, the most common theory among scientists was still the concept of scala naturae, proposed by Aristotle.

Until 2009, when the new constitution came into force and created the Legislative Assembly, the legislature of the islands was the Legislative Council, which had existed since the 19th century.

Until the 6th century AD, the region of today's Franconia was probably dominated by Alamanni and Thuringians.

Until the mid-19th century, projectiles and propellant ( black powder ) were generally separate components used in a muzzle-loading firearm such as a rifle, pistol, or cannon.

Until the end of the 19th century, rubber was the main export.