Until the end of the 18th Century, bridges were made out of timber, stone and masonry.

Until the early 18th century granite could only be carved by hand tools with generally poor results.

Until the late 18th century, the island of Madagascar was ruled by a fragmented assortment of shifting socio-political alliances.

Until the beginning of the 18th century, there appears to have been no national government or national leader.

Until the beginning of the 18th century, there appears to have been no national government or national leader in Niue.

Until the Inclosure Acts, which came into force in England in the 18th century, there had been little need for horses to jump fences routinely, but with this act of Parliament came new challenges for those who followed fox hounds.

Until the early 18th century, a major language of Polish literature was Latin, widely popular across all of Western and Central Europe at the time.

Until the end of the 18th century, the written language used in Ukraine was quite different from the spoken, which is one of the key difficulties in tracing the origin of the Ukrainian language more precisely.

Until the 18th Century, prisoners were housed in the towers of the medieval and early modern fortifications store.

Until the 18th century, food was cooked over an open fire.

Until the exchange rates were standardised in the late 18th century each colony legislated its own different exchange rates.

Until the 18th century, calamine was essential for the production of brass since metallic zinc does not exist in nature and no technique was known to produce it.

Until the early 18th century, virtually all European small craft and many larger vessels were built without formal plans being drawn.

Until the 18th century raiding armies, earthquakes, famines, floods and pirate attacks ravaged the city.

Until the beginning of the 18th century, no rotary winnowing fans existed in the West.

Until the late 18th century, American Indian tribes hunted and fished in the general Fox Chapel area.

Until the late 18th century, if an office wanted to keep a copy of an outgoing letter, a clerk had to write out the copy by hand.

Until 2008, the cakes were baked in the original 18th century bakery, which was then renovated because of new national sanitary standards, but still uses the original recipes.

Until the 18th century Oostmalle was known for its black pottery, such as " Lollepotten " which were small stoves used for personal heating in winter.

Until the mid 18th century there was a ferry between Sandwich and the island ; in 1755 a wooden drawbridge was built, and the ferry was closed.

Until the 18th century, the general belief in Christendom was that the earth was created about 4, 000-5, 500 years before the birth of Christ, and that the Garden of Eden, the Flood, the Tower of Babel, and the stories of Abraham and the Exodus described actual events, constituting a genuine narrative history from Creation to the founding of Israel.

Until the 18th century the Manor of Staley formed part of the parish of St Michael and All Angels, Mottram.

Until the 18th century, some groups were nearly universally persecuted for their views about religion, such as atheists, Jews and zoroastrians.

Until the end of the 18th century, this was the main market for the town.

Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used.

Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences, but in modern usage the fine arts, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, are distinguished from acquired skills in general, and the decorative or applied arts.

Until the late 19th century, the axiom of choice was often used implicitly, although it had not yet been formally stated.

Until this point Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, but by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy and the Tyrol began so see increases in winter visitors.

Until the mid-20th century, anchors for smaller vessels were either scaled-down versions of admiralty anchors, or simple grapnels.

Until the late 19th century the only available propellant was black powder.

Until the mid 19th century most boats were of all natural materials ; primarily wood although reed, bark and animal skins were also used.

Until the early 20th century, unsure of the site of Palaepharsalos, scholars followed Arrian ( 2. 75 ) and located the battle south of the Enipeus or close to Pharsalos ( today's Pharsala ).

Until the 19th century the majority of battles were of short duration, many lasting a part of a day.

Until the mid-nineteenth century, commercial banks in Britain were able to issue their own banknotes, and notes issued by provincial banking companies were commonly in circulation.

Until the mid-19th century, the Museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the Museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography.

Until the end of the 19th century, it seems to have been generally assumed that the general meeting ( of all shareholders ) was the supreme organ of the company, and the board of directors was merely an agent of the company subject to the control of the shareholders in general meeting.

Until the 1911 reform, the psalms were arranged according to a disposition dating from the 8th century, as follows: Psalms i .– cviii., with some omissions, were recited at Matins, twelve each day from Monday to Saturday, and eighteen on Sunday.

Until the mid-19th century the Banda Islands were the world's only source of the spices nutmeg and mace, produced from the nutmeg tree.

Until the early seventeenth century the Bandas were ruled by a group of leading citizens, the orang kaya ( literally ' rich men '), each of these was a head of district.

Until the mid-19th century, when the river was tamed by dams, levees, and other controls, the Nile in the vicinity of Cairo was highly susceptible to changes in course and surface level.

Until the 16th century, no European had ever heard of the popular drink from the Central and South American peoples.

Until the 21st century most used cathode ray tubes but they have largely been superseded by LCD monitors.

Until the 20th century, there was no technology capable of detecting the deviations from Euclidean geometry, but Einstein predicted that such deviations would exist.

Until the 19th century, the most common theory among scientists was still the concept of scala naturae, proposed by Aristotle.

Until 2009, when the new constitution came into force and created the Legislative Assembly, the legislature of the islands was the Legislative Council, which had existed since the 19th century.

Until the 6th century AD, the region of today's Franconia was probably dominated by Alamanni and Thuringians.

Until the mid-19th century, projectiles and propellant ( black powder ) were generally separate components used in a muzzle-loading firearm such as a rifle, pistol, or cannon.

Until the end of the 19th century, rubber was the main export.