Until the 6th plenum of the Central Committee of the 4th Party Congress, the conservative approach to economics prevailed.

Until recent years there was no substantial evidence of related mathematical writing that might have preceded it, with the exception of mathematical work by those such as Jing Fang ( 78 – 37 BCE ), Liu Xin ( d. 23 ), and Zhang Heng ( 78 – 139 ) and the geometry clauses of the Mozi of the 4th century BCE.

Until the 4th century CE, it was part of Caucasian Albania and is traditionally identified with Albana, the capital.

Until the late 1970s, it consisted of the 4th Armoured Brigade and 12th Mechanised Brigade, but from 1976 to 1983 it was reorganised as a small armoured division, incorporating two brigade-sized headquarters, Task Force Charlie ( TFC ) and Task Force Delta ( TFD ), which controlled five tank / mechanised infantry battle groups ( one armoured and two infantry in TF Charlie, and one armoured and one infantry in TF Delta ).

Until the 4th century, when the church established a Biblical canon, a manner of things were read during the liturgy besides the Prophets, including papal encyclicals from Pope St. Clement.

Until 19th century, based on this fact, scholars believe that Agatangelos lived in 4th century.

Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used.

Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences, but in modern usage the fine arts, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, are distinguished from acquired skills in general, and the decorative or applied arts.

Until the late 19th century, the axiom of choice was often used implicitly, although it had not yet been formally stated.

Until this point Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, but by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy and the Tyrol began so see increases in winter visitors.

Until the mid-20th century, anchors for smaller vessels were either scaled-down versions of admiralty anchors, or simple grapnels.

Until the late 19th century the only available propellant was black powder.

Until the mid 19th century most boats were of all natural materials ; primarily wood although reed, bark and animal skins were also used.

Until the early 20th century, unsure of the site of Palaepharsalos, scholars followed Arrian ( 2. 75 ) and located the battle south of the Enipeus or close to Pharsalos ( today's Pharsala ).

Until the 19th century the majority of battles were of short duration, many lasting a part of a day.

Until the mid-nineteenth century, commercial banks in Britain were able to issue their own banknotes, and notes issued by provincial banking companies were commonly in circulation.

Until the mid-19th century, the Museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the Museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography.

Until the end of the 19th century, it seems to have been generally assumed that the general meeting ( of all shareholders ) was the supreme organ of the company, and the board of directors was merely an agent of the company subject to the control of the shareholders in general meeting.

Until the 1911 reform, the psalms were arranged according to a disposition dating from the 8th century, as follows: Psalms i .– cviii., with some omissions, were recited at Matins, twelve each day from Monday to Saturday, and eighteen on Sunday.

Until the mid-19th century the Banda Islands were the world's only source of the spices nutmeg and mace, produced from the nutmeg tree.

Until the early seventeenth century the Bandas were ruled by a group of leading citizens, the orang kaya ( literally ' rich men '), each of these was a head of district.

Until the mid-19th century, when the river was tamed by dams, levees, and other controls, the Nile in the vicinity of Cairo was highly susceptible to changes in course and surface level.

Until the 16th century, no European had ever heard of the popular drink from the Central and South American peoples.

Until the 21st century most used cathode ray tubes but they have largely been superseded by LCD monitors.

Until the 20th century, there was no technology capable of detecting the deviations from Euclidean geometry, but Einstein predicted that such deviations would exist.

Until the 19th century, the most common theory among scientists was still the concept of scala naturae, proposed by Aristotle.

Until 2009, when the new constitution came into force and created the Legislative Assembly, the legislature of the islands was the Legislative Council, which had existed since the 19th century.

Until the 6th century AD, the region of today's Franconia was probably dominated by Alamanni and Thuringians.

Until the mid-19th century, projectiles and propellant ( black powder ) were generally separate components used in a muzzle-loading firearm such as a rifle, pistol, or cannon.

Until the end of the 19th century, rubber was the main export.

Until recently, the Preclassic was regarded as a formative period, consisting of small villages of farmers who lived in huts and few permanent buildings, but this notion has been challenged by recent discoveries of monumental architecture from that period, such as an altar in La Blanca, San Marcos, from 1000 BC ; ceremonial sites at Miraflores and El Naranjo from 801 BC ; the earliest monumental masks ; and the Mirador Basin cities of Nakbé, Xulnal, El Tintal, Wakná and El Mirador.

Until 1900 civil engineering projects were generally managed by creative architects, engineers, and master builders themselves, for example Vitruvius ( first century BC ), Christopher Wren ( 1632 – 1723 ), Thomas Telford ( 1757 – 1834 ) and Isambard Kingdom Brunel ( 1806 – 1859 ).

Until c. 525 BC, coins bore an image on one side only.

Until 337 BC the praetor was chosen only from the patricians.

Until the 1st century BC, Dio provides only a summary of events ; after that period, his accounts become more detailed.

Until 314 BC, success seemed to flow with the Samnites.

Until 108 BC, northern Korea and Manchuria were controlled by Gojoseon.

Until 116 BC, he most probably lived in Egypt.

Until recently, menhirs were associated with the Beaker people, who inhabited Europe during the European late Neolithic and early Bronze Age — later third millennium BC.

Until 1961, the official South Korean era ( for numbering years ) was called the Dangi ( 단기, 檀紀 ), which began in 2333 BC.

Until the 6th century BC, aristocratic families lived independent lives in the suburbs.

Until 104 BC, the pontifex maximus held the sole power in appointing members to the other priesthoods in the college.

Until the 3rd century BC, the college elected the pontifex maximus from their own number.

Until 480 BC, the Fabii were staunch supporters of the aristocratic policies favoring the patricians and the senate against the plebs.

Until recently, Fraccaro's thesis was not widely accepted because of the prevailing 1960s theory of Andreas Alföldi that Rome was an insignificant settlement until c. 500 BC and could not therefore have supported such a powerful army ( or cavalry ) in the regal era.

Until 172 BC, one of the two Consuls elected each year had to be a patrician.

Until about 145 BC, the Comitium was the site for tribal assemblies ( comitia tributa ) at which important decisions were taken, magistrates were elected and criminal prosecutions were presented and resolved by tribal voting.

Until the 8th century BC, there were also apsidal structures with more or less semi-circular back walls, but the rectangular type prevailed.

Until recently, the earliest known Jiangxi pottery was dated to around 11000 BC ,; however, recent finds show that the absolutely earliest known pottery, from ca.

Until the middle of the first millennium BC, the Zodiac consisted of only eleven constellations.

Until the 5th century BC, the Greeks had little expertise in siege warfare and relied on a strategy of devastation to draw the enemy out ; they destroyed crops, trees and houses.

Until about 600 BC only outline drawings and empty spaces were employed.

Until the second half of the 2nd century BC, the city could preserve its autonomy, but its neighbours Byzantium and Perinthos became more powerful, and the city was under their control during the next centuries.