Until the introduction of ampicillin by the British company Beecham, penicillin therapies had only been effective against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.

Until 1887, the sport was played in England under the rules that prevailed in British India.

Until 1997, when the British Library ( previously centred on the Round Reading Room ) moved to a new site, the British Museum was unique in that it housed both a national museum of antiquities and a national library in the same building.

Until the mid-19th century, the Museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the Museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography.

Until the 1980s Black British and Asian British culture was significantly under-represented in mainstream British cinema, as they were in many areas of British life.

Until 1968, British law required scripts to be approved by the Lord Chamberlain's Office.

Until 1995 it was the standard access software provided by British dial-up internet service provider Demon Internet.

Until 1751 in England and Wales ( and all British dominions ) the new year started on 25 March – Lady Day, one of the four quarter days ( the change to 1 January took place in 1600 in Scotland ).

Until the beginning of the British Mandate in Palestine ( 1922 – 1948 ), the population was predominantly Arab Christian ( majority Orthodox Christians ), with an Arab Muslim minority.

Until the summer of 2009, he was also the Chairman of the British Council and the President of Cardiff University.

Until after World War II, the landlocked British possession of Southern Rhodesia was not developed as an indigenous African territory, but rather as a unique state which reflected its multiracial character.

Until 1949, changes to the British North America Acts could be made only by the British parliament.

Until 2002 it was also available in Boots, a British high-street chain-pharmacy.

Until the Roman conquest of Britain, the area that would become known as Glamorgan was part of the territory of the Silures – a Celtic British tribe that flourished in the Iron Age – whose territory also included the areas that would become known as Breconshire and Monmouthshire.

Until the 1920s, Governors-General were British subjects, appointed on the advice of the British Government, who acted as agents of the British Government in each Dominion, as well as being representatives of the monarch.

Until 1918, the British prime minister's powers had been theoretically quite limited and, as a member of the cabinet, the office-holder was regarded strictly as primus inter pares.

Until at least 1908, the British took the Macdonald line to be the boundary, but in 1911, the Xinhai Revolution resulted in the collapse of central power in China, and by the end of World War I, the British officially used the Johnson Line.

Until the latter half of the Japanese colonial era the Mountain tribes were not entirely governed by any non-tribal polity.

Until the latter part of the nineteenth century when institutional chieftaincy evolved ( and was latter imposed by colonial administration ), broader Dagaaba communities functioned under a system of councils of elders.

Until the late 1950s, the Afro-Dominican culture of most of the island was repressed by the colonial government and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, both of which taught that African-derived music was evil, demonic and uncultured.

Until the rise of the Australian Labor Party in the 1890s, the Australian colonies did not have formal party systems, although many colonial politicians called themselves Liberals or Conservatives.

Until the mid-19th century, the British government used a system of punitive taxes to make it impossible for its colonial producers in the Caribbean to refine their own sugar and supply Britain with finished sugarloaves.

Until their 1871 unification, the German states had not been able to concentrate on the development of a navy, and this essentially had precluded German participation in earlier imperialist scrambles for remote colonial territory-the so-called " place in the sun ".

Until the Second World War BMS provided education not only for the locality but also for many colonial and military personnel seeking good education for their young families.

Until his death in 1729, he repeatedly attacked the colonial powers of Britain and Portugal, capturing numerous vessels of the British East India Company and extracting ransom for their return.

Until the passage of the Act, a number of colonial statutes had been struck down by local judges on the grounds of repugnancy to English laws ( whether or not those English laws had been intended by Parliament to be effective in the colony ).

( Until the end of the colonial period, rangers depended on Indians as both allies and teachers.

Until 1855 no colonial bishop was consecrated outside the British Isles, the first instance being Bishop MacDougall of Labuan, consecrated in India under a commission from the Archbishop of Canterbury ; and until 1874 it was held to be unlawful for a bishop to be consecrated in England without taking the suffragan's Oath of Due Obedience.

Until recently, the Preclassic was regarded as a formative period, consisting of small villages of farmers who lived in huts and few permanent buildings, but this notion has been challenged by recent discoveries of monumental architecture from that period, such as an altar in La Blanca, San Marcos, from 1000 BC ; ceremonial sites at Miraflores and El Naranjo from 801 BC ; the earliest monumental masks ; and the Mirador Basin cities of Nakbé, Xulnal, El Tintal, Wakná and El Mirador.

Until the early 20th century, formal writing and even much poetry and fiction was done in Literary Chinese, which was modelled on the classics of the Warring States period and Han Dynasty.

Until that time period, the Mi ’ kmaq had lived in Nova Scotia for centuries.

Until the period following World War II, governmental affairs in French West Africa were administered from Paris.

Until more becomes understood about the possible risks, women who elect to use hormone replacement therapy are generally well advised to take the lowest effective dose of hormones for the shortest period possible, and to question their doctors as to whether certain forms might pose fewer dangers of clots or cancer than others.

Until locks were installed to raise the level in the 1800s, the river was much shallower within the city most of the time, and consisted of a small channel of continuous flow bordered by sandy banks ( depicted in many illustrations of the period ).

Until recently it was assumed that Sardis was only settled in the period after the Anatolian and Aegean Dark Age, but American excavations have shown the place was settled in the Bronze Age and was a site of a significant population.

were champions of Cornwall in 1955 / 56 and have been in existence over a hundred years ; their most notable player was Harry Cann who was goalkeeper for Plymouth Argyle F. C .. Until the 1930s there were two golf courses and a few tennis courts: neither golf course reopened in the postwar period.

Until the end of the century the city's economy entered a period of fast growth.

Until the early modern period, the two remained separate cities: Clermont, an episcopal city ; Montferrand, a comital one.

Until the Soviet period there were many such ponds, which were the city's principal source of water, but they were notorious for spreading disease and were mostly filled in during the 1920s and 1930s.

Until recently, scholarship on Theodore had focused on only the latter period since it is attested in Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English, and also in Stephen of Ripon's Vita Sancti Wilfrithi, whereas no source directly mentions Theodore's earlier activities.

Until the 1st century BC, Dio provides only a summary of events ; after that period, his accounts become more detailed.

Until the Early Modern period Western ceramics had very little influence, but Islamic pottery was very sought after in Europe, and often copied.

Until 1953 771 metres of tunnels were built, however after the death of Joseph Stalin and the start of a period of détente, all works were halted under the pretext of technical difficulties.

Until around 1870, most buildings ( except for the church, chapel, school, and the three houses from the Georgian period ) were made of mud walls and cob with thatched roofs.

Until the Ashikaga clan took it during the Muromachi period, the title of Genji no Chōja always fell to one of Morofusa's progeny.

Until the mid 19th century the village was a local centre for brick-making, the local clays being recognised as particularly good since the Roman period.

Until the 19th century, in the period of the Old master print the concept of an edition did not really apply to prints, unlike books.

Until Salisbury's death, the Elizabethan administrative system over which he had presided continued to function with relative efficiency ; from this time forward, however, James's government entered a period of decline and disrepute.

Until a relatively recent period, many stage directors considered The Revenger's Tragedy and The Atheist's Tragedy as oddities whose Gothic horrors made completely alien from modern taste.

Until 1774, he held the Jamaica command, and during a period of quiet, was active in improving the naval yards on his station.

Until the early modern period, feuds were considered legitimate legal instruments and were regulated to some degree.

Until the 1970s Pakistani film music enjoyed a robust period of creative activity with a great number of songs acquiring popularity across the sub-continent.