Until the establishment of the prison, the area was entirely dependent on agriculture, and, after the close of the prison, the town continued economically dependent on agriculture.

Until the establishment of a turnpike road through the moor ( the present A30 ) in the 1770s the size of the moorland area made travel within Cornwall very difficult.

Until the establishment of the Consulate in 1799, Catholics were heavily repressed by the French.

Until the establishment of an official police force in 1857, Monmouth had a parish constable assisted by beadles to keep law and order.

Until July 2010, the Neighbourhood Policing Team for Waterloo consisted of an Inspector, Sergeant, two Constables, Special Constables, and 13 PCSOs-this establishment was significantly increased by the introduction of the ' Neighbourhood Hub Team ' at Waterloo, involving police officers from London Underground.

Until the establishment of Greater Sochi in 1961, it was administered as a separate town, which had its origin in an ancient Sadz village and a medieval Genoese trading post.

Until other forms of gambling became legal in Arkansas four decades later, Oaklawn Park, a thoroughbred horse racing track south of downtown, was the only legal gambling establishment in Hot Springs and one of only two in the state of Arkansas ; the other was the Southland Greyhound Park dog track in West Memphis.

Until the establishment of the Mersey Railway in 1886, the ferries were the only means of crossing the river, and so all of the routes were heavily used.

Until the establishment of Halifax ( 1749 ), the militia units in Nova Scotia and Acadia were Mi ' kmaq, Maliseet and Acadian.

Until this point, all the proceedings were still only investigative, but on May 27, 1692, William Phips ordered the establishment of a Special Court of Oyer and Terminer for Suffolk, Essex and Middlesex counties to prosecute the cases of those in jail.

Until the establishment of these formal trade routes, many shorter routes had existed, connecting towns over various distances.

Until our arms have brought the opportune moment for the establishment of a permanent National Government, representative of the whole people of Ireland and elected by the suffrages of all her men and women, the Provisional Government, hereby constituted, will administer the civil and military affairs of the Republic in trust for the people.

Until the establishment of the Abel Prize, the Wolf Prize was probably the closest equivalent of a " Nobel Prize in Mathematics ", since the more prestigious Fields Medal was only awarded every four years to mathematicians under forty years old.

Until the establishment of Grasslands National Park in the 1980s, this was the province's only national park.

Until the establishment of the South Ferry, which connected Atlantic Avenue to Manhattan in 1836, South Brooklyn was mostly rural.

Until its establishment as a separate company, leadership of NATS ( the ' Controller ') alternated between civil and military, the latter normally a serving Air Marshal.

Until the establishment of roads and railways in the early 1900s, Taihape, like other rural towns, remained largely an isolated pioneer settlement.

Until the outbreak of World War I, when he gave up his grand household establishment in Paris, MacMonnies travelled annually to the United States to see dealers and patrons, returning to Paris to work on his commissions.

Until the handover, the PLC had no legal standing in Hong Kong and acted as a transition body for the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Until the establishment of the General Certificate of Education, exams were set once a year by an external examiner ( s ) appointed by the governors, who reported in writing on the general proficiency of pupils, as well as the condition of the school.

Until the establishment of the Abel Prize, the Prize was probably the closest equivalent of a " Nobel Prize in Mathematics ", since the more prestigious Fields Medal is only awarded every 4 years to mathematicians under 40.

Until the establishment of the Second Broadcasting Authority and the widespread availability of cable television services in Israel ( which also produce their own cable programming directed at the local market ) in the early 1990s, the IBA maintained a virtual monopoly on television and radio broadcasting and production in Israel.

Until its closure the school regularly sang 150 settings of evensong ; it was the last educational establishment in England to sing the orders throughout the week.

Until the establishment of Excellent the Royal Navy did not have any formal system of teaching gunners on its ships the science of gunnery and much was left to individual captains to train their own gun crews.

Until the introduction of ampicillin by the British company Beecham, penicillin therapies had only been effective against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.

Until 1887, the sport was played in England under the rules that prevailed in British India.

Until 1997, when the British Library ( previously centred on the Round Reading Room ) moved to a new site, the British Museum was unique in that it housed both a national museum of antiquities and a national library in the same building.

Until the mid-19th century, the Museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the Museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography.

Until the 1980s Black British and Asian British culture was significantly under-represented in mainstream British cinema, as they were in many areas of British life.

Until 1968, British law required scripts to be approved by the Lord Chamberlain's Office.

Until 1995 it was the standard access software provided by British dial-up internet service provider Demon Internet.

Until 1751 in England and Wales ( and all British dominions ) the new year started on 25 March – Lady Day, one of the four quarter days ( the change to 1 January took place in 1600 in Scotland ).

Until the beginning of the British Mandate in Palestine ( 1922 – 1948 ), the population was predominantly Arab Christian ( majority Orthodox Christians ), with an Arab Muslim minority.

Until the summer of 2009, he was also the Chairman of the British Council and the President of Cardiff University.

Until after World War II, the landlocked British possession of Southern Rhodesia was not developed as an indigenous African territory, but rather as a unique state which reflected its multiracial character.

Until 1949, changes to the British North America Acts could be made only by the British parliament.

Until 2002 it was also available in Boots, a British high-street chain-pharmacy.

Until the Roman conquest of Britain, the area that would become known as Glamorgan was part of the territory of the Silures – a Celtic British tribe that flourished in the Iron Age – whose territory also included the areas that would become known as Breconshire and Monmouthshire.

Until the 1920s, Governors-General were British subjects, appointed on the advice of the British Government, who acted as agents of the British Government in each Dominion, as well as being representatives of the monarch.

Until 1918, the British prime minister's powers had been theoretically quite limited and, as a member of the cabinet, the office-holder was regarded strictly as primus inter pares.

Until at least 1908, the British took the Macdonald line to be the boundary, but in 1911, the Xinhai Revolution resulted in the collapse of central power in China, and by the end of World War I, the British officially used the Johnson Line.