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Until the nineteenth century, for many crimes the sentence was mandatory and was formally pronounced in court immediately upon conviction ; but the royal judges and HM government were given powers to exercise the royal prerogative of mercy out of court, in order to mitigate the rigour of the law.
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Until and nineteenth
Until the late nineteenth century sugar was purchased in loaves, which had to be cut using implements called ' nips ', while in later years, bags of sugar became more common.
Until the end of the nineteenth century it was common for women, especially those from a very poor background, not to have a surname and so to be known only by her first name.
Until the nineteenth century, little was known outside of Spain of Velázquez's work.
Until the late nineteenth century many Alpine valleys remained mainly shaped by agrarian and pastoral activities.
Until the nineteenth century it was largely rural with only scattered settlements.
Until the late nineteenth century Barter Island was a major trade center for the Inupiat and was especially important as a bartering place for Inupiat from Alaska and Inuit from Canada.
Until new hybridized breeds of cotton were created in the early nineteenth century, it was unprofitable to grow cotton in the United States anywhere other than those latter two areas.
The cook house: Until the middle of the nineteenth century it was forbidden to cook over an open fire on a ship moored in the harbour.
Until well into the nineteenth century, knowledge was considered by Europeans to have two main divisions: the humanities ( including theology ), and studies of nature.
Until the latter part of the nineteenth century when institutional chieftaincy evolved ( and was latter imposed by colonial administration ), broader Dagaaba communities functioned under a system of councils of elders.
Until the early nineteenth century, suicide victims and anyone killed during the commission of a crime were punished post mortem with impalement, in much the same way as a vampire was supposed to be treated.
Until the nineteenth century, antiquarians did not have substantial knowledge of prehistory ; and their only reference points were provided by Classical literature.
Until the abolition of their statuses in the nineteenth century,
Until the middle of the nineteenth century, the highland tartans were associated with regions or districts, rather than by any specific clan.
Until recently scientific knowledge of this rare species was limited to 11 skins collected in the late nineteenth century.
Until eclipsed by Lviv in the 1830s, Przemyśl was the most important city in the Ruthenian / Ukrainian cultural awakening in the nineteenth century.
Until the nineteenth century Morpeth had one of the main markets in northern England for live cattle.
Until the end of the nineteenth century, the true identification of Ælfric had been problematic, primarily because Ælfric had often been confused with Ælfric of Abingdon, who served as Archbishop of Canterbury.
Until the later part of the nineteenth century, it was common that plaster, which was used inside a building, and stucco, which was used outside, would consist of the same primary materials: lime and sand ( which are also used in mortar ).
Until the development of inexpensive electrical power in the mid nineteenth century, miniature candles were commonly ( and in some cultures still are ) used.
Until the middle of the nineteenth century many of the people of Asiago spoke Cimbrian, an ancient German dialect.
Until the early nineteenth century, the existence of the poem was largely unknown outside of Exeter Cathedral library.
Until the early nineteenth century, Clay Cross was a small village, but increasing demand for coal and other minerals trebled the population by 1840.
Until the start of the nineteenth century the Cross was used as a market-place ; but the increased population of the city requiring a more extensive area for that purpose, a large and convenient market-house was, about the year 1807, erected in the North-street ; on the completion of which, it was proposed to take down this Cross, then considered as a nuisance.
Until and century
Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used.
Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences, but in modern usage the fine arts, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, are distinguished from acquired skills in general, and the decorative or applied arts.
Until the late 19th century, the axiom of choice was often used implicitly, although it had not yet been formally stated.
Until this point Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, but by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy and the Tyrol began so see increases in winter visitors.
Until the mid-20th century, anchors for smaller vessels were either scaled-down versions of admiralty anchors, or simple grapnels.
Until the late 19th century the only available propellant was black powder.
Until the mid 19th century most boats were of all natural materials ; primarily wood although reed, bark and animal skins were also used.
Until the early 20th century, unsure of the site of Palaepharsalos, scholars followed Arrian ( 2. 75 ) and located the battle south of the Enipeus or close to Pharsalos ( today's Pharsala ).
Until the 19th century the majority of battles were of short duration, many lasting a part of a day.
Until the mid-nineteenth century, commercial banks in Britain were able to issue their own banknotes, and notes issued by provincial banking companies were commonly in circulation.
Until the mid-19th century, the Museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the Museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography.
Until the end of the 19th century, it seems to have been generally assumed that the general meeting ( of all shareholders ) was the supreme organ of the company, and the board of directors was merely an agent of the company subject to the control of the shareholders in general meeting.
Until the 1911 reform, the psalms were arranged according to a disposition dating from the 8th century, as follows: Psalms i .– cviii., with some omissions, were recited at Matins, twelve each day from Monday to Saturday, and eighteen on Sunday.
Until the mid-19th century the Banda Islands were the world's only source of the spices nutmeg and mace, produced from the nutmeg tree.
Until the early seventeenth century the Bandas were ruled by a group of leading citizens, the orang kaya ( literally ' rich men '), each of these was a head of district.
Until the mid-19th century, when the river was tamed by dams, levees, and other controls, the Nile in the vicinity of Cairo was highly susceptible to changes in course and surface level.
Until the 16th century, no European had ever heard of the popular drink from the Central and South American peoples.
Until the 21st century most used cathode ray tubes but they have largely been superseded by LCD monitors.
Until the 20th century, there was no technology capable of detecting the deviations from Euclidean geometry, but Einstein predicted that such deviations would exist.
Until the 19th century, the most common theory among scientists was still the concept of scala naturae, proposed by Aristotle.
Until 2009, when the new constitution came into force and created the Legislative Assembly, the legislature of the islands was the Legislative Council, which had existed since the 19th century.
Until the 6th century AD, the region of today's Franconia was probably dominated by Alamanni and Thuringians.
Until the mid-19th century, projectiles and propellant ( black powder ) were generally separate components used in a muzzle-loading firearm such as a rifle, pistol, or cannon.
Until the end of the 19th century, rubber was the main export.
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