When this gene was inserted into tomato and tobacco cells ( see RNA interference ), the cells were able to withstand environmental stresses like salt, drought, cold and heat, far more than ordinary cells.

When separating proteins or small nucleic acids ( DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotides ) the gel is usually composed of different concentrations of acrylamide and a cross-linker, producing different sized mesh networks of polyacrylamide.

When proteins are generated from intron-containing genes, RNA splicing takes place as part of the RNA processing pathway that follows transcription and precedes translation.

When a ( nonendogenous ) retrovirus invades a cell, the RNA of the retrovirus is reverse-transcribed into DNA by reverse transcriptase, then inserted into the host genome by an integrase.

When the RNA polymerase is paused, there is a chance that it will dissociate from the RNA genome.

When 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and other research showed in 1989 that the bacterium did not belong in the genus Campylobacter, it was placed in its own genus, Helicobacter.

When these small RNA are combined with the protein factors, they make an RNA-protein complex called snRNP.

When these genes are expressed in prokaryotic cells for the sake of protein production or purification, the RNA produced directly from transcription need not undergo splicing as the transcript contains only exons.

When considering inorganic chemistry and life, it is useful to recall that many species in nature are not compounds per se but are ions ( e. g., proteins, DNA, and RNA ).

* When E. coli bacteria are subjected to heat stress, the σ < sup > 32 </ sup > subunit of its RNA polymerase changes such that the enzyme binds to a specialized set of promoters that precede genes for heat-shock response proteins.

When two different strains of influenza infect the same cell simultaneously, their protein capsids and lipid envelopes are removed, exposing their RNA, which is then transcribed to mRNA.

When referring to DNA transcription, the coding strand is the DNA strand which has the same base sequence as the RNA transcript produced ( although with thymine replaced by uracil ).

When the protein is translated from messenger RNA, it is created from N-terminus to C-terminus.

When the protein is translated from messenger RNA, it is created from N-terminus to C-terminus.

When the protein is translated from messenger RNA, it is created from N-terminus to C-terminus.

When a mammalian cell encounters a double-stranded RNA such as an siRNA, it may mistake it as a viral by-product and mount an immune response.

When cells make a protein from a gene on a chromosome sitting in the nucleus, the gene is first transcribed as a piece of RNA.

When bacteriophages ( viruses that infect bacteria ) infect a bacterial cell, their normal mode of reproduction is to harness the replicational, transcriptional, and translation machinery of the host bacterial cell to make numerous virions, or complete viral particles, including the viral DNA or RNA and the protein coat.

When the mouse reaches puberty the virus begins to express its messenger RNA in the estrogen sensitive tissues.

When the genetic sequence of a particular gene is known to be causative of a particular disease, it is possible to synthesize a strand of nucleic acid ( DNA, RNA or a chemical analogue ) that will bind to the messenger RNA ( mRNA ) produced by that gene and inactivate it, effectively turning that gene " off ".

When it finds a complementary strand, it activates RNase and cleaves the RNA.

When an incorrect base pair is recognized, DNA polymerase reverses its direction by one base pair of DNA.

When the polymerase advances along the DNA sequence after adding a nucleotide, the interactions with the minor groove dissociate but those with the phosphate backbone remain more stable, allowing rapid re-binding to the minor groove at the next nucleotide.

When associated with a DNA clamp, DNA polymerase is dramatically more processive ; without the clamp most polymerases have a processivity of only about 100 nucleotides.

When the polymerase encounters an erroneous base pair, it removes one of the nucleotides and replaces it with a correct one.

When in 1991 Cetus was acquired it was subject to a lawsuit by the Eastman Kodak Company over the rights to the polymerase chain reaction product, which was settled in 1993.

When used as a substrate for viral DNA polymerase, ara-ATP competitively inhibits dATP leading to the formation of ‘ faulty ’ DNA.

When DNA polymerase I eventually detaches from the DNA, it leaves another nick in the phosphate backbone.

When they reached their neighbor's house, Pamela said a few polite words to Grace and kissed Melissa lightly on the forehead, the impulse prompted by a stray thought -- of the type to which she was frequently subject these days -- that they might never see one another again.

When she would do these things, he would turn blind for an instant and become sick at his stomach.

When these had been pocketed, we could still spend a morning cracking open other pebbles for our delight in seeing how much prettier they were inside than their dull exteriors indicated.

When these fields are surveyed together, important patterns of relationship emerge indicating a vast community of reciprocal influence, a continuity of thought and expression including many traditions, primarily literary, religious, and philosophical, but frequently including contact with the fine arts and even, to some extent, with science.

When these chores were finished, only then, was she allowed whatever freedom she could find.

When the recent Katangan outbreaks imperiled these solutions Mr. Hammarskjold, despite the danger, flew to exert a calming influence.

When they got home Harold was grateful for the stillness in the apartment, and thought how, under different circumstances, they might have stayed on here, in these old-fashioned, high-ceilinged rooms that reminded him of the Irelands' apartment in the East Eighties.

When these groups were first formed many prominent and accomplished decorators could not have had the advantage of school training since interior design courses were rare and undeveloped during their youth.

When now we count the frequency of the 71 items in the two language families appearing in the same column or grade, or one column or grade apart, or two or three or four, we find these differences: Af

When Mayor Dever heard of the banquet he summoned Hughes for an explanation of why he had been dishonouring the police department by consorting with these felons and fixers.

When Felix first opened the door on it, all these shades were tightly drawn and the whole studio was as dark as night.

When, therefore, it turned its attention to the concrete entities with which popular imagination had peopled the world of spirit, these entities soon lost whatever status they had enjoyed as actual elements of external reality.

When dam construction began in 1933, fewer than 600 boats used these waters ; ;

When these do not work, he tries to avoid responsibility, saying he will ask the government for orders.

When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly, these alloys become much softer than normal, during the diffusionless transformation, and then harden as they age.

When Ewen rejected these attempts, Alexander sailed forth to compel him, but on the way he suffered a fever at the Isle of Kerrera in the Inner Hebrides.

" When we run over libraries, persuaded of these principles, what havoc must we make?

When blacks began singing adapted versions of these hymns, they were called Negro spirituals.

When James Bradley and Samuel Molyneux entered this sphere of astronomical research in 1725, there consequently prevailed much uncertainty whether stellar parallaxes had been observed or not ; and it was with the intention of definitely answering this question that these astronomers erected a large telescope at the house of the latter at Kew.

When calcium is leached from the needles of red spruce, these trees become less cold tolerant and exhibit winter injury and even death.

When the end came, these troops simply shifted their allegiances to the new barbarian rulers.

When these cells become entrapped from osteoblasts they become osteocytes.

When the pH of this solution rises, as a result of dilution by fresh water, these ions precipitate, forming " Yellow Boy " pollution.

When the United States renounced its offensive biological warfare program in 1969 and 1970, the vast majority of its biological arsenal was composed of these plant diseases.

When bacterial populations have these resistant subgroups, treatment with β-lactam can result in the resistant strain becoming more prevalent and so more virulent.