When the particles are in great motion, they produce a Doppler shift for measuring wind speed in the laser light, which is used to calculate the speed of the particles, and therefore the air around the anemometer.

When measuring vacuum, the working liquid may evaporate and contaminate the vacuum if its vapor pressure is too high.

When used for measuring voltage, the input impedance of the multimeter must be very high compared to the impedance of the circuit being measured ; otherwise circuit operation may be changed, and the reading will also be inaccurate.

When the casket was opened, a small book of the gospels, measuring only three-and-a-half by five inches, now known as the Stonyhurst Gospel, was found.

When measuring disposable income after taxation but including benefits, the total disposable income of those on the highest incomes fell by 33 %, whilst the total disposable income of those on the lowest incomes rose by 104 %.

When measuring participants ’ salivary testosterone, higher levels can predict subsequent aggressive behavioral reactions to unfairness faced during a task.

When measuring radioactivity of a sample with a detector, a unit of " counts per second " ( cps ) or " counts per minute " ( cpm ) is often used.

When measuring broadband continuum emissions, where the energy is roughly evenly distributed across the detector bandwidth, the detected signal will increase in proportion to the bandwidth of the detector ( as opposed to signals with bandwidth narrower than the detector bandpass ).

Thurow goes on to note that " When it comes to actually measuring profits, some difficult accounting issues arise.

When assuming a normal distribution, the reference range is obtained by measuring the values in a reference group and taking two standard deviations either side of the mean.

When measuring the safe depth of water over an entire obstruction, such as a shipwreck, the minimum depth is checked by sweeping the area with a length of horizontal wire.

When he made calculations on the Wakor solar eclipse that was to occur, he used the Thai system of measuring time ( mong and baht ), but he implemented the Western method of longitude and latitude when he determined where on earth the eclipse would best be viewed.

When measuring hearing thresholds it is always easier for the subject to follow a tone that is audible and decreasing in amplitude than to detect a tone that was previously inaudible.

When certain objects are designed digitally, revolutions like these can be used to determine surface area without the use of measuring the length and radius of the object being designed.

When measuring the non-linearities of power amplifiers, a very narrow notch filter can be very useful to avoid the carrier frequency.

When a distinction needed to be made between the two shaku, the cloth unit was referred to as kujirajaku ( whale shaku, as the rulers for measuring cloth were made from whale whiskers ) and the other shaku was referred to as kanejaku ( metal shaku ).

When some saw him measuring the stars with his Theodolite, they thought he was talking to the night demons.

When measuring at a 90 ° angle, only the light scattered by the sample causes stray light.

When measuring fluorescence spectra, the wavelength of the excitation light is kept constant, preferably at a wavelength of high absorption, and the emission monochromator scans the spectrum.

When measuring risk, a common approach is to compare the risk-free return on T-bills and the risky return on other investments ( using the ex post return as a proxy for the ex ante expected return ).

When measuring installed units over a whole season and one also counts the energy needed to pump water through the piping systems, then seasonal COP's are around 3. 5 or less.

When measuring the height of an inverted image using the cartesian sign convention ( where the x-axis is the optical axis ) the value for h < sub > i </ sub > will be negative, and as a result M will also be negative.

When the tip of the STM's needle is brought very close to a conduction surface that has a voltage bias, by measuring the current of electrons that are tunnelling between the needle and the surface, the distance between the needle and the surface can be measured.

** When small is beautiful: measuring the evolution and consequences of the voluminosity of patent applications at the EPO This paper addresses issues in measuring the voluminosity of patent applications ( number of claims and pages ) and highlights patterns in its evolution.

When values of temperature derived with this instrument were compared with the accepted values associated with liquid helium-4 vapor pressures, differences of about 10 and 7 millidegrees respectively were found.

When the working liquid is water and the bain-marie is used at sea level, the maximum temperature of the material in the lower container will not exceed 100 degrees Celsius ( 212 F ), the boiling point of water at sea level.

] When he had done eating, he usually took a Kind of Chocolate, made after the Manner of the Country, that is, the Substance of the Nut beat up with the Mill till the Cup was filled more with Froth than with Liquor ; after which he used to smoak Tobacco perfum'd with liquid Amber.

When a multi-component liquid is heated, the vapor pressure of each component will rise, thus causing the total vapor pressure to rise.

When the total vapor pressure reaches the pressure surrounding the liquid, boiling occurs and liquid turns to gas throughout the bulk of the liquid.

When the process feed has a diverse composition, as in distilling crude oil, liquid outlets at intervals up the column allow for the withdrawal of different fractions or products having different boiling points or boiling ranges.

When the process of escape and return reaches an equilibrium, the vapor is said to be " saturated ," and no further change in either vapor pressure and density or liquid temperature will occur.

When cooked in broth, gluten absorbs some of the surrounding liquid ( including the taste ) and becomes firm to the bite.

When fully chilled, the most common ratios of gelatin to liquid ( as instructed on commercial packaging ) usually result in a custard-like texture which can retain detailed shapes when cold but melts back to a viscous liquid when warm.

When a pipette injects a liquid onto a solid, the liquid will form some contact angle.

When no voltage is applied to a TN liquid crystal cell, polarized light passes through the 90-degrees twisted LC layer.

When no voltage is applied, the liquid crystals remain perpendicular to the substrate creating a black display between crossed polarizers.

When voltage is applied, the liquid crystals shift to a tilted position allowing light to pass through and create a gray-scale display depending on the amount of tilt generated by the electric field.

When viewed under a microscope using a polarized light source, different liquid crystal phases will appear to have distinct textures.

When physical chemist Richard Williams applied an electric field to a thin layer of a nematic liquid crystal at 125 ° C, he observed the formation of a regular pattern that he called domains ( now known as Williams Domains ).

When an external electric field is applied to the liquid crystal, the dipole molecules tend to orient themselves along the direction of the field.

When an electric field is applied to the LC layer, the long molecular axes tend to align parallel to the electric field thus gradually untwisting in the center of the liquid crystal layer.

When the Justice Society's forced attempt to stop them by sending Hawkman and Captain Marvel against them met with failure and resulted in Superman and Batman briefly infiltrating the White House, Luthor, in an enraged and desperate gambit after Superman's rapid defeats of his plans, used a variant combination of the " super-steroid " Venom ( a chemical associated with the Batman villain Bane ), liquid synthetic Kryptonite, and an Apokoliptian battlesuit to fight Superman directly.

When the material is cooled, this domain alignment structure spontaneously returns, in a manner roughly analogous to how a liquid can freeze into a crystalline solid.