Whereas the central Maoist leaders encouraged the masses to criticize reactionary " ideas " and " habits " among the alleged 5 % of bad cadres, giving them a chance to " turn over a new leaf " after they had undergone " thought reform ," the Ultra-Left argued that " cultural revolution " had to give way to " political revolution " – " in which one class overthrows another class ".

Whereas dialectology studies the geographic distribution of language variation, sociolinguistics focuses on other sources of variation, among them class.

Whereas racial and gender passing is often stigmatized, class passing is generally accepted as normative behavior.

Whereas the aristocracy defined themselves as an élite ruling class charged with maintaining the social order in France, Sieyès saw the third estate as the primary mechanism of public service.

Whereas a participant director is an individual participant or an officer, managing member or partner of a participant firm. 12 directors are divided into three equal classes ; each class serves a three-year term and there is one STP participant director in each class.

Whereas Russian SDs defined class membership in terms of ownership of the means of production, Chernov and other SR theorists defined class membership in terms of extraction of surplus value from labour.

Whereas onomatopoeia refers to the use of words to imitate actual sounds, there are languages known for having a special class of words that " imitate " soundless states or events, called phenomimes ( when they describe external phenomena ) and psychomimes ( when they describe psychological states ).

Whereas others held that the state bureaucracy themselves were the capitalist class.

Whereas a typical interface specifies functionality ( in the form of method declarations ) that an implementing class must support, a marker interface need not do so.

Whereas he accepted the classical Marxist analysis of society showing how one class exercises domination over another, he deviated from Marx in his failure to use dialectic as a method to propose ways to change.

" Whereas the " Sphere of Public Authority " dealt with the State, or realm of the police, and the ruling class, the public sphere crossed over both these realms and " Through the vehicle of public opinion it put the state in touch with the needs of society.

Whereas in theory members of the Roman Senate and their families were prohibited from engaging in trade, the members of the Equestrian order were involved in businesses, despite their upper class values that laid the emphasis on military pursuits and leisure activities.

Whereas previous 2-8-0 " Consolidation " type locomotives featured long, narrow fireboxes between the frames that made gauge conversion impractical, the N class light lines and X class heavy goods locomotives both featured wide fireboxes positioned behind the driving wheels and above the frames.

Whereas formerly the trivial name " mycoplasma " has commonly denoted any member of the class Mollicutes, nowadays it refers exclusively to a member of the genus Mycoplasma.

Whereas certain Texas universities ( such as the University of Texas at Austin ) can limit these " top 10 %" students to 75 % of the incoming freshmen class via a tiered system, Texas A & M University – Kingsville offers admission to any student who graduated in the top 10 %.

Whereas Western law stressed stability, Mao sought constant change, emphasized the contradictions in society, and called for relentless class struggle.

Whereas Pakistanis in the United States, Canada and Australia tend to be professionals, the majority of them in the United Kingdom, Germany and Scandinavia originally came from a rural background belonging to the working class.

Whereas buck converters usually function as voltage regulators, delivering a constant DC voltage into a variable load and can only source current ( one-quadrant operation ), a class D amplifier delivers a constantly changing voltage into a fixed load, where current and voltage can independently change sign ( four-quadrant operation ).

Whereas the instrumentalist position argues that the institutions of the state are under the direct control of those members of the capitalist class in positions of state power, the structuralist perspective takes the position that the institutions of the state must function in such a way as to ensure ongoing viability of capitalism more generally.

Whereas Gompers presumed that the great mass of workers would learn the value of solidarity through direct experience, Foster and his supporters favored a more top-down approach .... With amalgamation as its slogan, industrial unionism as its goal, and ' boring from within ' the established trade unions as its method, the TUEL promised to transform otherwise ' timid and muddled ' AFL affiliates into ' scientifically constructed, class conscious weapons in the revolutionary struggle.

The British Statute of Anne ( 1710 ) further alluded to individual rights of the artist, beginning: " Whereas Printers, Booksellers, and other Persons, have of late frequently taken the Liberty of Printing ... Books, and other Writings, without the Consent of the Authors ... to their very great Detriment, and too often to the Ruin of them and their Families :" A right to benefit financially from the work is articulated, and court rulings and legislation have recognized a right to control the work, such as ensuring that the integrity of it is preserved.

Whereas before, the benefit was pleaded before a trial to have the case transferred to an ecclesiastical court, under the new system the benefit of clergy was pleaded after conviction but before sentencing, and it did not nullify the conviction, but rather changed the sentence for first-time offenders from probable hanging to branding and up to a year's incarceration.

Whereas the UNPO advocates change to benefit the minorities at risk and is quite small in terms of information for the public to view, MAR provides accurate information on more than 284 groups, ( the MAR database and codebook as well as detailed historical chronologies ) available to educate researchers, public officials, journalists, students, activists, and anyone interested.

Whereas some studies suggest that parent countries can benefit from the emigration of skilled workers, generally it is emigration of unskilled and semi-skilled workers that is of economic benefit to countries of origin, by reducing pressure for employment creation.

`` Whereas, a Bridge over Merrimack River, from the Land of Hon'ble Jonathan Greenleaf, Esquire, in Newbery, to Deer Island, and from said Island to Salisbury, would be of very extensive utility, by affording a safe Conveyance to Carriages, Teams and Travellers at all seasons of the year, and at all Times of Tide.

Whereas the United States enjoys a long season that generally runs from March to November, other areas often have much shorter seasons.

Whereas philosophers merely had views about things, he taught the Noble Eightfold Path which liberates from suffering.

Whereas the philosophical approach to consciousness focuses on its fundamental nature and its contents, the medical approach focuses on the amount of consciousness a person has: in medicine, consciousness is assessed as a " level " ranging from coma and brain death at the low end, to full alertness and purposeful responsiveness at the high end.

Whereas transition metals sometimes attract most of the attention in the study of catalysis, small organic molecules without metals can also exhibit catalytic properties, as is apparent from the fact that many enzymes lack transition metals.

Whereas Sergei Eisenstein viewed his montage of attractions as a propaganda tool through which the film-viewing masses could be subjected to “ emotional and psychological influence ” and therefore able to perceive “ the ideological aspect ” of the films they were being shown, Vertov believed the Kino-Eye would influence the actual evolution of man, “ from a bumbling citizen through the poetry of the machine to the perfect electric man .”

Whereas various types of Infantry weapons were acquired from Belgium.

Indeed, these Four Freedoms were explicitly incorporated into the preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which reads, " Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed the highest aspiration of the common people ,...."

Whereas elements of the disclosure may be available from third parties, only that provided by the franchisor can be depended upon.

Whereas Infocom's games had benefited significantly from the portability offered by running on top of a virtual machine, this strategy did not prove to be a significant advantage for Cornerstone ; in fact, the virtual machine significantly slowed the database's execution speed.

Whereas the other Central Asian republics have sometimes complained of Russian interference, Kyrgyzstan has more often wished for more attention and support from Moscow than it has been able to obtain.

Whereas previously it was hazardous to guess if there would be a storm or little activity, the predictions of Asher and McNaught timed bursts in activity down to ten minutes by narrowing down the clouds of particles to individual streams from each passage of the comet, and their trajectories amended by subsequent passage near planets.

Whereas MVC comes from the previous decade ( by work at Xerox PARC in the late 1970s and early 1980s ) and is based on observations of applications that ran on a single graphical workstation ; MVC was applied to distributed applications later in its history ( see Model 2 ).

Whereas the origin of the name norn is uncertain, it may derive from a word meaning " to twine " and which would refer to their twining the thread of fate.

Whereas Nisrani is of direct Semitic origin, it is very likely that Nazzarenu was adopted via the Italian Nazzareno ( from Latin, Nazarenus, meaning Nazarene.

Whereas previously the OUP had thought London too far from Oxford, after 1925 Craigie worked on the dictionary in Chicago, where he was a professor.

Whereas, mobile phone and Internet penetration in the household market ended up being one of the highest in the world with more than 50 percent of the revenue coming from these two industries.

Whereas the council of citizens served as an ordinary assembly, representing the people of FRY, the council of republics was made equally by representatives from the federation's constituent republics, to ensure federal equality.

Whereas the sociology of religion broadly differs from theology in assuming indifference to the supernatural, theorists tend to acknowledge socio-cultural reification of religious practice.

Whereas the k-opt methods remove a fixed number ( k ) of edges from the original tour, the variable-opt methods do not fix the size of the edge set to remove.

Whereas English judges won their independence from the Crown in the Act of Settlement 1701, American colonial judges still served at the pleasure of the King.

Whereas Quake maps are compiled from a variety of different components, Unreal maps are inherently editable on the fly.

Whereas the vocoder analyzes speech, transforms it into electronically transmitted information, and recreates it, The Voder ( from Voice Operating Demonstrator ) generates synthesized speech by means of a console with fifteen touch-sensitive keys and a pedal, basically consisting of the " second half " of the vocoder, but with manual filter controls, needing a highly trained operator.