While scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms, molecular phylogenetics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions along more efficient, evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so.

While the bacteria had been killed, the DNA had survived the heating process and was taken up by the II-R strain bacteria.

While DNA had been known to biologists since 1869, a few scientists still assumed at the time that proteins carried the information for inheritance.

While this state is highly stable, it can switch to the lytic pathway in the process of prophage induction, which occurs when the host SOS response is triggered by DNA damage.

While some preserved human remains may contain DNA, peat bogs such as Lindow Moss are generally poor for such a purpose, and it is unlikely that DNA could be recovered from Lindow Man.

While changes to the chromosome caused by X-ray and mustard gas were readily observable to the early researchers, other changes to the DNA induced by other mutagens were not so easily observable, and the mechanism may be complex and takes longer to unravel.

* While DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA contains ribose ( in deoxyribose there is no hydroxyl group attached to the pentose ring in the 2 ' position ).

While this makes it unsuitable for current ' DNA optimised ' life, it may have been acceptable for more primitive life.

While transcription was classically thought to occur only from DNA to RNA, reverse transcriptase transcribes RNA into DNA.

While being interviewed for a February 2009 issue of Rolling Stone magazine, Kurzweil expressed a desire to construct a genetic copy of his late father, Fredric Kurzweil, from DNA within his grave site.

While some TEs may confer benefits on their hosts, most are regarded as selfish DNA parasites.

While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA / RNA replication are retained.

While overall genome size, and by extension the amount of noncoding DNA, are correlated to organism complexity, there are many exceptions.

While replicating DNA, the eukaryotic DNA replication enzymes ( the DNA polymerase protein complex ) cannot replicate the sequences present at the ends of the chromosomes ( or more precisely the chromatid fibres ).

While identification of open reading frames within a DNA sequence is straightforward, identifying coding sequences is not, because the cell translates only a subset of all open reading frames to proteins.

While the individual strands of a linear double helix represent two distinct and separable molecules, this need not be true for circular DNA.

While the solution to a seven-node instance is trivial, this paper is the first known instance of the successful use of DNA to compute an algorithm.

While investigating how a culture of E. coli was able to stop the production of phages, Luria discovered that specific bacterial strains produce enzymes that cut DNA at certain sequences.

While it is currently unknown to what extent telomere erosion contributes to the normal aging process, maintenance of DNA in general, and telomeric DNA specifically, has emerged as a major consideration in aging theory.

While small interfering RNAs ( siRNA ; 20-25 nt ) are often produced by breakdown of viral RNA, there are also endogenous sources of siRNAs.

While at Yale, Altman's Nobel Prize work came with the analysis of the catalytic properties of the ribozyme RNase P. RNase P is a ribonucleoprotein particle consisting of both a structural RNA molecule and one ( in prokaryotes ) or more ( in eukaryotes ) proteins.

While it was confirmed that RNA molecules associate with centrosomes, the sequences have still been found within the nucleus.

While transcription of prokaryotic protein-coding genes creates messenger RNA ( mRNA ) that is ready for translation into protein, transcription of eukaryotic genes leaves a primary transcript of RNA ( pre-mRNA ), which first has to undergo series of modification to become a mature mRNA.

While snoRNA part basepair with the target RNA and thus position the modification to precise site, the protein part performs the catalytical reaction.

While there is no FDA-approved specific therapy for coxsackievirus infection, a recent study demonstrated that fluoxetine ( marketed as Prozac in the US ) appears to inhibit replication of viral RNA in vitro.

While RNA interference relies on cellular components for efficacy ( e. g. the Dicer proteins, the RISC complex ) a simple alternative for gene knockdown is Morpholino antisense oligos.

While not an effective treatment option, incorporation of 6-deoxythioguanosine has been shown to inhibit RNase H cleavage of the DNA / RNA complex.

While there they discovered that tiny amounts of glutathione inhibited protein synthesis in reticulocytes, and that tiny amounts of RNA killed the synthesis all together.

While at MIT Levinthal made significant discoveries in molecular genetics relating to the mechanisms of DNA replication, the relationship between genes and proteins, and the nature of messenger RNA.

While the genome is defined by the sequence of nucleotides, the proteome cannot be limited to the sum of the sequences of the proteins present.

While yeast extract is made up of a rich mix of proteins, vitamins and amino acids, MSG is composed exclusively of glutamate salt.

While in the insect vector, proteins encoded by Hms genetic loci induce biofilm formation in the proventriculus, a valve connecting the midgut to the esophagus.

While the disease is caused by a reaction to wheat proteins, it is not the same as wheat allergy.

While protein replacement therapy has historically been used to correct the latter disorders, an emerging approach is to use pharmaceutical chaperones to fold mutated proteins to render them functional.

While inferences about protein folding can be made through mutation studies ; typically, experimental techniques for studying protein folding rely on the gradual unfolding or folding of a solution of proteins and observing conformational changes using standard non-crystallographic techniques for observing protein structure.

While the nutrient composition depends on the species and environmental conditions, the most common components of acerola and their concentration range are as follow: proteins ( 2. 1-8g ), lipids ( 2. 3-8g ), carbohydrates ( 35. 7-78g ), calcium ( 117 mg ), phosphor ( 171 mg ), iron ( 2. 4 mg ), pyridoxine ( 87 mg ), riboflavin ( 0. 7 mg ), thiamine ( 0. 2 mg ), water ( 906-920g ) and dietic fibre ( 30g )

While proteomics generally refers to the large-scale experimental analysis of proteins, it is often specifically used for protein purification and mass spectrometry.

While these building blocks can be attached only linearly for proteins and genes, they can be arranged in a branched array for saccharides, further increasing the degree of complexity.

While the role of these proteins is not fully understood, it is believed that they aid in the development of enamel by serving as framework support among other functions.

While working at the Carlsberg Laboratory he studied the effect of ion concentration on proteins, and because the concentration of hydrogen ions was particularly important, he introduced the pH-scale as a simple way of expressing it in 1909.

While release of vesicles has been demonstrated as a general response to stress conditions, the process of loading cargo proteins seems to be selective.

While the spindle apparatus is composed of hundreds upon hundreds of proteins, the fundamental machinery are the spindle microtubules.

While most structural biologists pursue structures of individual proteins or protein groups, specialists in structural genomics pursue structures of proteins on a genome wide scale.

While no vaccine currently exists, a recent ( 2012 ) study of a trial vaccine developed using the outer proteins of Hendra virus was shown to induce protection against Nipah in African Green Monkeys.

While tubulin monomers and microtubule-associated proteins ( MAPs ) are present, organized microtubules are not present.

While most proteins typically fold in the order of milliseconds, prior to 2010 simulations could only reach nanosecond to microsecond timescales.

While LTP is in part due to the activation of protein kinases, which subsequently phosphorylate target proteins, LTD arises from activation of calcium-dependent phosphatases that dephosphorylate the target proteins.

While secreted proteins are threaded through the channel, transmembrane domains may diffuse across a lateral gate in the translocon to partition into the surrounding membrane.