* Error-correcting codes ( channel coding ): While data compression removes as much redundancy as possible, an error correcting code adds just the right kind of redundancy ( i. e., error correction ) needed to transmit the data efficiently and faithfully across a noisy channel.

While data reduction ( compression, be it lossy or lossless ) is a main goal of transform coding, it also allows other goals: one may represent data more accurately for the original amount of space – for example, in principle, if one starts with an analog or high-resolution digital master, an MP3 file of a given size should provide a better representation than a raw uncompressed audio in WAV or AIFF file of the same size.

While, in principle, any general-purpose lossless compression algorithm ( general-purpose meaning that they can accept any bitstring ) can be used on any type of data, many are unable to achieve significant compression on data that are not of the form for which they were designed to compress.

While there have been many claims through the years of companies achieving " perfect compression " where an arbitrary number N of random bits can always be compressed to N − 1 bits, these kinds of claims can be safely discarded without even looking at any further details regarding the purported compression scheme.

While most modern turbojet and turbofan engines use axial-flow compressors, turboprop engines usually contain at least one stage of centrifugal compression.

While there is a modest increase in compression performance of JPEG 2000 compared to JPEG, the main advantage offered by JPEG 2000 is the significant flexibility of the codestream.

While ZIP may compress a CD-quality audio file by 10 – 20 %, FLAC achieves compression rates of 30 – 50 % for most music, with significantly greater compression for voice recordings.

While such materials might not be considered direct compression in its purest form, they do pass on the advantages of direct compression technology to the tablet manufacturers.

While the piston is close to Top Dead Center, the compressed air – fuel mixture in a gasoline engine is ignited, usually by a spark plug, or fuel is injected into the diesel engine, which ignites due to the heat generated in the air during the compression stroke.

While less convenient than compression joints and less reliable than flux solder joints, they are useful when fitting in confined spaces and where single handed fitting is required.

While it is possible to fit more entries into a packet of this size when using " label compression ", 13 was chosen as a reliable limit.

While its 11. 5: 1 compression ratio was a large factor in its performance, what set the engine apart was its ability to alter timing and valve lift through Toyota's VVTL-i.

While Atkinson's original design is no more than a historical curiosity, many modern engines use unconventional valve timing to produce the effect of a shorter compression stroke / longer power stroke, thus realizing the fuel economy improvements the Atkinson cycle can provide.

While the groove becomes deeper, compression of tendons, vessels and nerves occurs.

While IZArc achieves a very high speed when compressing to the 7z format, and still a high speed with the widespread ZIP format, its compression is slow when handling other archive formats.

While its original version was related to Intel's DVI video stream format, a hardware-only codec for the compression of television-quality video onto compact discs, Indeo was distinguished by being one of the first codecs allowing full-speed video playback without using hardware acceleration.

While impressive, this level of compression is far too low to be useful in an attempt to reach ignition.

While some suppression and some denial are not only necessary but healthy, the worker's clinical knowledge must determine how these defenses are being used, what healthy shifts in defensive adaptation are indicated, and when efforts at bringing about change can be most effectively timed.

While we had expected that compulsive children in the unstructured school setting would have difficulty when compared to those in the structured, we were surprised to find that the achievement of the high compulsives within the schools where the whole-word method is used in beginning reading compares favorably with that of the low compulsives.

While the U. S. Department of Labor has a program of projecting industry and occupational employment trends and publishing current outlook statements, there is little tangible evidence that these projections have been used extensively in local curriculum planning.

While the arithmetic mean is often used to report central tendencies, it is not a robust statistic, meaning that it is greatly influenced by outliers.

While most alphabets have letters composed of lines ( linear writing ), there are also exceptions such as the alphabets used in Braille, fingerspelling, and Morse code.

While Zhuyin is not used as a mainstream writing system, it is still often used in ways similar to a romanization system — that is, for aiding in pronunciation and as an input method for Chinese characters on computers and cellphones.

While current mouthwash treatments must be used with a degree of frequency to prevent this bacteria from regrowing, future treatments could provide a viable long term solution.

While resistant to most beta lactam antibiotics commonly used for skin infections, it remains sensitive to alternative antibiotics, e. g., clindamycin ( Cleocin ), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole ( Bactrim ), and doxycycline ( unlike hospital-acquired MRSA that may only be sensitive to vancomycin IV ).

While scholars wanting to learn Greek used to employ learned Greeks to teach them directly, the Aldine editions, edited by Greek scholars, allowed many scholars across Europe to study Greek.

While the 68000 family has a 32-bit design, the 68000 used in several early models is generally referred to as 16-bit.

While the term " Afghani " is typically used in reference to the unit of Afghan currency, some use the term to indicate a person or thing of, from, or related to Afghanistan, e. g., a citizen of Afghanistan.

While popular during the 1950s, these terms are infrequently used today.

While hunting they used small watercrafts called Baidarkas and during travel they used their large Baidaras.

While English and Russian are the dominant languages used by Aleuts living in the US and Russia respectively, the Aleut language is still spoken by several hundred people.

While most foods are harvested during the autumn, foods particularly associated with the season include pumpkins ( which are integral parts of both Thanksgiving and Halloween ) and apples, which are used to make the seasonal beverage apple cider.

While not without criticism ( e. g. by Neusner, 1998 ), the Steinsaltz edition is widely used throughout Israel, the United States and the world.

While the early explorers used horses to cross the outback, the first woman to make the journey riding a horse was Anna Hingley, who rode from Broome to Cairns in 2006.

While modern Roman Catholic scholars openly recognize the Greek additions as clearly being additions to the text, the Book of Esther is used twice in commonly used sections of the Catholic Lectionary.

" While the document itself is not in any way actual law, it is used by the town council, board of adjustment, and other committees to guide decision making as to what types of development are appropriate.

While both and combination are commonly implemented as a way of breaking the execution of a console application, they are also used for similar effect in integrated development environments.

While early German tanks, Stuka dive-bombers and concentrated forces were used in the Polish campaign, the majority of the battle was conventional infantry and artillery based warfare and most Luftwaffe action was independent of the ground campaign.

While proven useful in the past, barbiturates are no longer commonly used in psychiatry ; thus the option of either benzodiazepines or ECT.

While there were some papers from before that time, this collection documented an entire variety of finished, working audio coders, nearly all of them using perceptual ( i. e. masking ) techniques and some kind of frequency analysis and back-end noiseless coding.

While this port shares the FMV scenes and most of the Redbook audio music from the other CD-ROM versions, it has some new music tracks.

While adapting the dielectric device by adding circuitry to generate an audio tone, Theremin noticed the pitch changed when his hand moved around.

While RTP carries the media streams ( e. g., audio and video ), RTCP is used to monitor transmission statistics and quality of service ( QoS ) and aids synchronization of multiple streams.

While subtractive synthesis can be applied to any source audio signal, the sound most commonly associated with the technique is that of analog synthesizers of the 1960s and 1970s, in which the harmonics of simple waveforms such as sawtooth, pulse or square waves are attenuated with a voltage-controlled resonant low-pass filter.

While many game companies went from FM synthesis or General MIDI in the early 1990s to CD audio and pre-rendered audio, many of the Epic games used the less common system of module music, composed with a tracker, which used stored PCM sound effects sequenced together to produce music.

While the Tandy DAC's features compared favorably to those offered by Creative's 8-bit Sound Blaster audio cards, it never saw widespread adoption by software developers.

While not purely a hardware synth, the DS-XG sound cards based on the Yamaha YMF-7 # 4 family of audio chipsets ( including 724, 744, 754, and 764 ), including the Yamaha WaveForce 192 ( SW192XG ) as well as many from other manufacturers and even some PC motherboards with such an audio chipset, included hardware-assisted software VL physical modelling ( like a VL70m or PLG-VL, and compatible with same ) along with the Yamaha XG, wave audio, and 3D gaming sound capabilities of the chipset.

While most competing widescreen film systems used magnetic audio and true stereophonic sound, early VistaVision carried only Perspecta Stereo, encoded in the optical track.

While this approach preserved acceptable backward compatibility with monoaural audio heads, the splitting of the audio track degraded the signal's SNR to the point that audible tape hiss was objectionable at normal listening volume.

While the video signal can easily hide the head-switching point in the invisible vertical retrace section of the signal, so that the exact switching point is not very important, the same is obviously not possible with a continuous audio signal that has no inaudible sections.

While motion picture projectors soon allowed film to be shown to large theater audiences, audio technology before the development of electric amplification could not project to satisfactorily fill large spaces.

While 12-volt audio and video systems are also used, marketed, or manufactured for marine, aviation, and buses, and even applications outside of automotive use like slot panels for demo models in stores prior to purchase, this article focuses on cars as the most common application.

While the input signal to an audio amplifier may measure only a few hundred microwatts, its output may be tens, hundreds, or thousands of watts.

While there, Fessenden, experimenting with a high-frequency spark transmitter, successfully transmitted speech on December 23, 1900 over a distance of about 1. 6 kilometers ( one mile ), which appears to have been the first audio radio transmission.

While online critics such as Peter Gutmann have dismissed much of what was written about Toscanini during his lifetime as " adoring puffery ", it neverthleless remains a fact that composers and others who worked with the Maestro readily acknowledged what they felt was his greatness, and audio interviews containing the praise of such luminaries as Aaron Copland still exist.

While MP3 is much more popular for PC and Internet applications, MP2 remains a dominant standard for audio broadcasting.

While some DVD recorders store audio in MP2 and many consumer-authored DVDs use the format, commercial DVDs with MP2 soundtracks are rare.