In his tenth year, upon Bertrand's death ( 1112 ), he succeeded to the county of Toulouse and marquisate of Provence, but Toulouse was taken from him by William IX, count of Poitiers, in 1114, who claimed it by right of his wife Philippa of Toulouse, daughter of William IV of Toulouse.

In 1137, Duke William X left Poitiers, going to Bordeaux and taking his daughters.

Some, such as John of Salisbury and William of Tyre say Eleanor's reputation was sullied by rumours of an affair with her uncle Raymond of Poitiers, Prince of Antioch.

13th-century depiction of Henry II of England | Henry II and John's siblings: ( l to r ) William IX, Count of Poitiers | William, Henry the Young King | Henry, Richard I of England | Richard, Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony | Matilda, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany | Geoffrey, Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile | Eleanor, Joan of England, Queen of Sicily | Joan and John

He was a younger brother of William IX, Count of Poitiers ; Henry the Young King ; and Matilda, Duchess of Saxony.

Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine's oldest son, William IX, Count of Poitiers, died in 1156, before Richard's birth.

William of Poitiers claimed that the battle was won mainly through William's efforts, but earlier accounts claim that King Henry's men and leadership also played an important part.

No English source mentions a supposed embassy by Archbishop Robert to William conveying the promise of the succession, and the two Norman sources that mention it, William of Jumièges and William of Poitiers, are not precise in their chronology of when this visit took place.

William of Poitiers describes a council called by Duke William, in which the writer gives an account of a great debate that took place between William's nobles and supporters over whether to risk an invasion of England.

William of Poitiers also relates that the duke obtained Pope Alexander II's consent for the invasion, along with a papal banner.

Although William of Poitiers and William of Jumieges disagree about where the fleet was built – Poitiers states it was constructed at the mouth of the River Dives while Jumieges states it was built at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme – both agree that it eventually sailed from Valery-sur-Somme.

* April – William IX, Count of Poitiers ( b. 1153 )

* August 17 – William IX, Count of Poitiers ( d. 1156 )

The history of Anjou may be told partly with the aid of the chroniclers of the neighbouring provinces, especially those of Normandy ( William of Poitiers, William of Jumièges, Ordericus Vitalis ) and of Maine ( especially Actus pontificum cenomannis in urbe degentium ).

When Quiney and William Parsons wrote to Greville in 1593 asking his consent in the election for bailiff, they sent the letter to Mr. William Sawnders, attendant on the worshipful Mr. Thomas Bushell at Marston.

He wrote eloquently to William James that impartial history was not only impossible but undesirable.

Schiller later wrote the play William Tell romanticising Swiss independence.

In addition to his battle against moral decay, Alan wrote a work against Islam, Judaism and Christian heretics dedicated to William VIII of Montpellier.

After his arrival, Hasan Ali Shah wrote to Sir William Macnaghten, discussing his plans to seize and govern Herat on behalf of the British.

Critic William Kuhn argued that much of his fiction can be read as " the memoirs he never wrote ", revealing the inner life of a politician for whom the norms of Victorian public life appeared to represent a social straitjacket – particularly with regard to his allegedly " ambiguous sexuality.

Morton wrote the column until 1975 ; it was revived in January 1996 and continues today, written by William Hartston, though the name " By the Way " has been dropped in favour of simply " Beachcomber ".

" However, his looks proved to be an asset in his personal and political relationships, as his law partner William Herndon wrote, " He was not a pretty man by any means, nor was he an ugly one ; he was a homely man, careless of his looks, plain-looking and plain-acting.

Rebuffed by William Thiselton-Dyer, the Director at Kew, because of her gender and her amateur status, Beatrix wrote up her conclusions and submitted a paper On the Germination of the Spores of the Agaricineae to the Linnean Society in 1897.

William Cowper wrote a popular poem, " Boadicea, an ode ," in 1782.

More recently, William D. Rubinstein, Professor of Modern History at Aberystwyth University, Wales, wrote that Conservative politician and pro-Zionist Leo Amery, as Assistant Secretary to the British war cabinet in 1917, was the main author of the Balfour Declaration.

William Shawcross, however, wrote that the US bombing and ground incursion plunged Cambodia into the chaos Sihanouk had worked for years to avoid.

His imposing contemporaries William James and Josiah Royce admired him, and Cassius Jackson Keyser at Columbia and C. K. Ogden wrote about Peirce with respect, but to no immediate effect.

In 1902 William Crossing wrote that he had been told by an old moorman that some of the granite blocks from the tomb's pedestal had also been used to make a clapper bridge across a stream flowing into the River Swincombe near the farm.

The Scottish poet William Soutar also wrote over one hundred American Cinquains ( he labelled them Epigrams ) between 1933 and 1940.

William Stoughton, Mather wrote Wonders of the Invisible World written during the trials and published in 1693.

Whilst awaiting trial, Kidd was confined in the infamous Newgate Prison and wrote several letters to King William requesting clemency.

English had, however, been used as a literary language for centuries before Chaucer's life, and several of Chaucer's contemporaries — John Gower, William Langland, and the Pearl Poet — also wrote major literary works in English.

In despair, he wrote to William Paterson the London Scot and founder of the Bank of England and part instigator of the Darien scheme, who was in the confidence of Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, leading minister and spymaster in the English Government.

Retired Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General John Shalikashvili and former Senator and Secretary of Defense William Cohen opposed the policy in January 2007: " I now believe that if gay men and lesbians served openly in the United States military, they would not undermine the efficacy of the armed forces " Shalikashvili wrote.

William Bright, then editor of Language: Journal of the Linguistic Society of America, wrote of Ethnologue that it " is indispensable for any reference shelf on the languages of the world.

The first published use of the term " evangelical " in English was in 1531 by William Tyndale, who wrote " He exhorteth them to proceed constantly in the evangelical truth.

Sir William Blackstone wrote that felony " comprises every species of crime, which occasioned at common law the forfeiture of lands or goods.

Bacon's personal secretary and chaplain, William Rawley, however, wrote in his biography of Bacon that his inter-marriage with Alice Barnham was one of " much conjugal love and respect ", mentioning a robe of honour that he gave to her, and which " she wore unto her dying day, being twenty years and more after his death ".

Thomas has generally been held in high esteem by Civil War historians ; Bruce Catton and Carl Sandburg wrote glowingly of him, and many consider Thomas one of the top three Union generals of the war, after Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman.

An innovation in William's coronation ceremony was that before the actual crowning, Ealdred asked the assembled crowd, in English, if it was their wish that William be crowned king.

The hostility to Agnes, it must be admitted, may be exaggerated by the chronicler William of Tyre, whom she prevented from becoming Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem decades later, as well as from William's continuators like Ernoul, who hints at a slight on her moral character: " car telle n ' est que roine doie iestre di si haute cite comme de Jherusalem " (" there should not be such a queen for so holy a city as Jerusalem ").

On his return to Naples, Nelson was greeted with a triumphal procession led by King Ferdinand IV and Sir William Hamilton and was introduced for only the third time to Sir William's wife Emma, Lady Hamilton, who fainted violently at the meeting, and apparently took several weeks to recover from her injuries.

William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending of the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England.

James tried again to gain William's support but William responded by advising James to keep to the law and not to try to extend his prerogative powers.

John invaded Scotland and forced William to sign the Treaty of Norham, which gave John control of William's daughters and required a payment of £ 10, 000.

Peter W. Edbury, on the other hand, argues that William, as well as the thirteenth-century authors who continued William's chronicle in French and were allied to Raymond's supporters in the Ibelin family, cannot be considered impartial.

* 1689 – King William's War: William III of England joins the League of Augsburg starting a war with France.

The King's brother Prince William ( the future King and Emperor William I ) had fled to England, and Bismarck intrigued with William's wife Augusta to place their teenage son ( the future Frederick III ) on the Prussian throne in King Frederick William IV's place — Augusta would have none of it, and detested Bismarck thereafter, although Bismarck did later help to restore a working relationship between the King and his brother, who were on poor terms.

After the death of King William II of Sicily his cousin Tancred of Lecce had seized power and had been crowned early in 1190 as King Tancred I of Sicily, although the legal heir was William's aunt Constance, wife of the new Emperor Henry VI.

Stephen narrowly escaped drowning with Henry I's son, William Adelin, in the sinking of the White Ship in 1120 ; William's death left the succession of the English throne open to challenge.

The second was Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg, who was the son of Duke John William's second eldest sister, Anna of Cleves.

Duchess Anna of Prussia claimed Jülich-Cleves-Berg as the heir to the senior line, while Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg claimed Jülich-Cleves-Berg as Duke John William's eldest male heir.

As well as promising a large sum of money, the ailing William agreed to his elder daughters marrying English nobles and, when the treaty was renewed in 1212, John apparently gained the hand of William's only surviving legitimate son, and heir, Alexander, for his eldest daughter, Joan.

William argued that Edward had previously promised the throne to him, and that Harold had sworn to support William's claim.

William's lands were divided after his death: Normandy went to his eldest son, Robert, and his second surviving son, William, received England.

Earlier dukes had been illegitimate, and William's association with his father on ducal charters appears to indicate that William was considered Robert's most likely heir.

Although many of the Norman nobles engaged in their own private wars and feuds during William's minority, the viscounts still acknowledged the ducal government, and the ecclesiastical hierarchy was supportive of William.

William's next efforts were against Guy of Burgundy, who retreated to his castle at Brionne, which William besieged.

But in 1052 the king and Geoffrey Martel made common cause against William at the same time as some Norman nobles began to contest William's increasing power.

The second, which included some who became William's firm supporters, such as Robert, Count of Eu, Walter Giffard, Roger of Mortemer, and William de Warenne, faced the other invading force.

This was the last invasion of Normandy during William's lifetime, and the deaths of the count and the king in 1060 cemented the shift in the balance of power towards William.