Zebrafish chromatophores mediate Active camouflage | background adaptation on exposure to dark ( top ) and light environments ( bottom ).

Zebrafish are also closely related to the genus Devario, as demonstrated by a phylogenetic tree of close species.

Zebrafish are hardy fish and considered good for beginner aquarists.

Zebrafish are used to study development, toxicology and toxicopathology, specific gene function and roles of signaling pathways.

Zebrafish were the first GloFish available in pet stores, and are now sold in bright red, green, orange-yellow, blue, and purple fluorescent colors.

Zebrafish AB9 cells are a primary fibroblast cell line developed from fin tissue of the AB strain.

Zebrafish have been introduced to parts of the United States, presumably by deliberate release or by escape from fish farms.

:* Zebrafish ( Danio rerio, a freshwater fish )-has a nearly transparent body during early development, which provides unique visual access to the animal's internal anatomy.

In 2009 Kröger anatomically showed in Zebrafish that though the inverted arrangement is nonadaptive in that it creates avoidable scattering of light ( and thus loss of light and image blur ), it has space-saving advantages for small-eyed animals in which there is a minimal vitreous body, as the space between the lens and the photoreceptors ’ light-sensitive outer segments is completely filled with retinal cells.

* Zebrafish go through juvenile hermaphroditism, but what triggers this is unknown.

Zebrafish, and other vertebrates, use oscillating gene expression to define segments known as somites.

Zebrafish form segments known as somites through a process that is reliant upon gradients of retinoic acid and FGF, as well as periodic oscillation of gene expression.

Zebrafish embryos lacking Notch signaling exhibit ectopic and persistent expression of the zebrafish ortholog of VEGF3, flt4, within all endothelial cells, while Notch activation completely represses its expression.

Zebrafish have even been observed to alter their locomotor behavior in response to changing hydrodynamic influences throughout growth and maturation.

By focusing attention on the dynamics of information exchange, the study of Zebrafish Information Network Project ( Henline, 1998 ) concluded that the key challenges in creating a collaboratory may be social rather than technical.

Zebrafish is a potentially powerful system because genetic screens like those performed in invertebrates can be done relatively simply and cheaply.

Potential military applications of chromatophore mediated colour changes have been proposed, mainly as a type of active camouflage, along with invisibility.

An individual blue-ringed octopus tends to use its dermal chromatophore cells to camouflage itself until provoked, at which point it quickly changes colour, becoming bright yellow with blue rings or lines.

The other aspect to cephalopod camouflage is the brain, which contains nerves coated in chromatophore fibers, controlling coloration patterning.

The purple-striped dottyback, Pseudochromis diadema, generates its violet ( color ) | violet stripe with an unusual type of chromatophore

As the other biochromatic chomatophores are also capable of pigment translocation, animals with multiple chromatophore types can generate a spectacular array of skin colours by making good use of the divisional effect .< sup >,</ sup > A single Zebra Danio | zebrafish melanophore imaged by time-lapse photography during pigment aggregation

Structural green and blue colours are generated by overlaying chromatophore types to reflect filtered light.

For this reason, and because the large number and contrasting colour of the cells usually make them very easy to visualise, melanophores are by far the most widely studied chromatophore.

Studies using mutant fish have demonstrated that transcription factors such as kit, sox10 and mitf are important in controlling chromatophore differentiation.

Inside the chromatophore cell, pigment granules are enclosed in an elastic sac, called the cytoelastic sacculus.

In purple bacteria, such as Rhodospirillum rubrum the light-harvesting proteins are intrinsic to the chromatophore membranes.

The beautiful and rapid colour changes seen in many cephalopods ( octopuses and squid ) are based, however, on a different system, the chromatophore organ.

Nowack and his colleagues performed gene sequencing on the chromatophore ( 1. 02Mb ) and found that only 867 proteins were encoded by these photosynthetic cells.

Cephalopods such as octopus have complex chromatophore organs controlled by muscles to achieve this, while vertebrates such as chameleons generate a similar effect by cell signaling.

The term chromatophore was adopted ( following Sangiovanni's chromoforo ) as the name for pigment bearing cells derived from the neural crest of cold-blooded vertebrates and cephalopods.

Therefore, the distinction between these chromatophore types is not always clear.

A related type of chromatophore, the leucophore, is found in some fish, particularly in the tapetum lucidum.

Therefore a novel chromatophore type, the cyanophore, was proposed.

Although they appear unusual in their taxonomic restriction, there may be cyanophores ( as well as further unusual chromatophore types ) in other fish and amphibians.

These dermal chromatophore units ( DCU ) consist of an uppermost xanthophore or erythrophore layer, then an iridophore layer, and finally a basket-like melanophore layer with processes covering the iridophores.

When and how multipotent chromatophore precursor cells ( called chromatoblasts ) develop into their daughter subtypes is an area of ongoing research.

Each chromatophore unit is composed of a single chromatophore cell and numerous muscle, nerve, glial and sheath cells.

These result from recombining the dominant and recessive genes that code for proteins involved in chromatophore development, maintenance, or function.

Using neurally controlled cells known as chromatophore organs ( red to yellow ), iridophores ( iridescent: spans the entire visible spectrum from blue to near-IR ) and leucophores ( white ), the cuttlefish can put on spectacular displays, changing colour and patterns in a fraction of a second.

The large amount of travel done by Christie and Mallowan has not only made for a great writing theme, as shown in her famous novel: The Murder on the Orient Express, but also tied into the idea of archaeology as an adventure that has become so important in today ’ s popular culture as described by Cornelius Holtorf in his book Archaeology is a Brand.

Succulent plant s, such as this Aloe, store water in their enlarged fleshy leaves, stems, or roots, as shown in this split aloe leaf.

According to him, while the first two visions ( the alter-globalism and the anti-globalism ) represent the reconstructed forms of old and new left ideologies, respectively, in the context of current globalization, only the third one has shown the capacity to respond more effectively to the intellectual requirements of today ’ s global complexities.

This passage begins by describing Scyld ’ s glory as a “ scourge of many tribes, a wrecker of mead-benches .” Scyld ’ s glory and importance is shown by the prestigious death he obtains through his service as the king of the Danes.

Throughout the series several planets and space stations are all shown to be remade in the Earth ’ s image.

Two different positions are shown for distances s and s + ds along the curve.

Histogram s are shown for orbit inclinations, eccentricity, and semi-major axes distribution.

Hydrogen bond s shown as dotted lines.

Djibouti ’ s merchandise trade balance has shown a large deficit.

Possession is shown by the clitic -' s attached to a possessive noun phrase, rather than by declension of the noun itself.

Ecclesia and evangelist portrait s. A number of biblical passages, including those describing Christ as a " bridegroom " led early in the history of the church to the concept of the church as the Bride of Christ, which was shown in art using a queenly personification.

Works such as Marjorie Rosen ’ s Popcorn Venus: Women, Movies, and the American Dream ( 1973 ) and Molly Haskell ’ s From Reverence to Rape: The Treatment of Women in Movies ( 1974 ) analyze how the women portrayed in film related to the broader historical context, the stereotypes depicted, the extent to which the women were shown as active or passive, and the amount of screen time given to women.

Native Mapuche s playing palín shown in Histórica Relación del Reino de Chile by Alonso de Ovalle.

This too was shown to be incorrect by the Michelson – Gale – Pearson experiment, which detected the Sagnac effect due to Earth's rotation ( s. Aether drag hypothesis )

Chapman and Bartels ( 1940 ) illustrated this concept by postulating a plate with infinite conductivity placed on the dayside of a planet ’ s dipole as shown in the schematic.

Since the solar wind is continuously flowing outward, the magnetopause above, below and to the sides of the planet are swept backward into the geomagnetic tail as shown in the artist ’ s concept.

Layout of a musical keyboard ( three octave s shown )

At the same time, one or more " prompt gamma ray s " ( not shown ) are produced, as well.

alpha helix | Alpha helices are shown in colour, and random coil in white, there are no beta sheet s shown.

Carbon isotopes of lipids ( n-alkanes ) derived from leaf wax and lignin, and total organic carbon from two sections of lake sediments interbedded with the in eastern North America have shown carbon isotope excursions similar to those found in the mostly marine St. Audrie ’ s Bay section, Somerset, England ; the correlation suggests that the end-Triassic extinction event began at the same time in marine and terrestrial environments, slightly before the oldest basalts in eastern North America but simultaneous with the eruption of the oldest flows in Morocco ( Also suggested by Deenen et al., 2010 ), with both a critical greenhouse and a marine biocalcification crisis.