* 1265 – Second Barons ' War: Battle of Evesham – the army of Prince Edward ( the future king Edward I of England ) defeats the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, killing de Montfort and many of his allies.

The works of Adriaan de Groot, William Chase, Herbert A. Simon, and Fernand Gobet have established that knowledge, more than the ability to anticipate moves, plays an essential role in chess-playing.

Phillip did however sanction the participation of some of his more bellicose and ambitious — some might say dangerous — barons, notably Simon de Montfort and Bouchard de Marly.

Simon de Montfort was granted the Trencavel lands by the Pope and did homage for them to the King of France, thus incurring the enmity of Peter of Aragon who had held aloof from the conflict, even acting as a mediator at the time of the siege of Carcassonne.

The leader of the crusaders, Simon de Montfort, resorted to primitive psychological warfare.

After the success of his siege of Carcassonne, which followed the massacre at Béziers, Simon de Montfort was designated as leader of the Crusader army.

* Simon Tyssot de Patot and the Seventeenth-Century Background of Critical Deism by David Rice McKee ( Johns Hopkins Press, 1941 )

After the baronial victory at the Battle of Lewes in 1264, Simon de Montfort took control of royal government, but at the Battle of Evesham the next year Montfort was killed, and King Henry III restored to power.

At the Battle of Lewes in 1264, the rebellious barons, led by Simon de Montfort, had defeated the royal army and taken King Henry III captive.

Measures were taken to renounce the increasing veneration of the fallen Simon de Montfort, whom some were already starting to consider a martyr and a possible saint.

* Maddicott, J. R. ( 1994 ), Simon de Montfort, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

In secular matters, Raymond VI of Toulouse, his son ( afterwards Raymond VII ), and Raymond-Roger of Foix attended the Council to dispute the threatened confiscation of their territories ; Bishop Foulques and Guy de Montfort ( brother of Simon ) argued in favour of the confiscation.

Pierre-Bermond of Sauve's claim to Toulouse was rejected, and Toulouse was awarded to Simon de Montfort ; the lordship of Melgueil was separated from Toulouse and entrusted to the bishops of Maguelonne.

* Horn maintenance at Paxman, compiled with the assistance of Simon de Souza

One of these rebellions — led by a disaffected courtier, Simon de Montfort — was notable for its assembly of one of the earliest precursors to Parliament.

de: Julian Simon

* 1265 – In Westminster, the first English parliament conducts its first meeting held by Simon de Montfort in the Palace of Westminster, now also known colloquially as the " Houses of Parliament ".

His youngest daughter, Eleanor, married William Marshal's son, also called William, and later the famous English rebel Simon de Montfort.

Henry III granted Kenilworth in 1244 to Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, who later became a leader in the Second Barons ' War ( 1263 – 67 ) against the king, using Kenilworth as the centre of his operations.

Simon de Monfort's son, Simon VI de Montfort, promised in January 1266 to hand over the castle to the king.

Other films include The 25th Hour ( 1967 ), with Virna Lisi ; The Magus ( 1968 ), with Michael Caine and Candice Bergen, and based on the novel by John Fowles ; La Bataille de San Sebastian ( Guns for San Sebastian ) with Charles Bronson ; and The Shoes of the Fisherman, where he played a Catholic Archbishop in a Soviet Ukrainian prison who becomes Pope.

He wrote under the nom de plume of “ the Magus of the North ” ().

de: Der Magus

de: Der Magus

** Simon Magus ( 8: 9 – 24 )

Acts also features an emphasis on prayer and includes a number of notable prayers such as the Believers ' Prayer (), Stephen's death prayer (), and Simon Magus ' prayer ().

So Irenaeus tells of the system of Simon Magus, of the system of Menander, of the system of Saturninus, in which the number of these angels is reckoned as seven, and of the system of Carpocrates.

Like many other Christian writers, he also claims that heresy began with Simon Magus, a figure whom receives mention in Acts 8: 9-13 for being a magician from the city of Samaria.

The German Abbot and occultist Trithemius ( 1462 – 1516 ) supposedly had in his possession a Book of Simon the Magician, based upon the New Testament figure of Simon Magus.

* Helene, the consort of Simon Magus

In Book I, Irenaeus talks about the Valentinian Gnostics and their predecessors, who go as far back as the magician Simon Magus.

Simon the Sorcerer or Simon the Magician, in Latin Simon Magus, ( Greek Σίμων ὁ μάγος ) was a Samaritan magus or religious figure and a convert to Christianity, baptised by Philip the Evangelist, whose later confrontation with Peter is recorded in.

Peter's conflict with Simon Magus by Avanzino Nucci, 1620.

God then descended in the form of Simon Magus, to rescue his Ennoia, and to confer salvation upon men through knowledge of himself.

The death of Simon Magus, from the Nuremberg Chronicle

Cyril of Jerusalem ( 346 AD ) in the sixth of his Catechetical Lectures prefaces his history of the Manichaeans by a brief account of earlier heresies: Simon Magus, he says, had given out that he was going to be translated to heaven, and was actually careening through the air in a chariot drawn by demons when Peter and Paul knelt down and prayed, and their prayers brought him to earth a mangled corpse.

The apocryphal Acts of Peter gives a more elaborate tale of Simon Magus ' death.

The Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions and Homilies give an account of Simon Magus and some of his teachings in regards to the Simonians.

The encounter between both Dositheus and Simon Magus was the beginnings of the sect of Simonians.

The Apostles Paul and Peter confront Simon Magus before Nero, as painted by Filippino Lippi.

Simon's magical powers are juxtaposed with Peter's powers in order to express Peter's authority over Simon through the power of prayer, and in the 17th Homily, the identification of Paul with Simon Magus is effected.

The anti-Pauline context of the Pseudo-Clementines is recognised, but the association with Simon Magus is surprising since they have little in common.

However the majority of scholars accept Baur's identification, though others, including Lightfoot, argued extensively that the " Simon Magus " of the Pseudo-Clementines was not meant to stand for Paul.

* Simon Magus in popular culture