This large discrepancy demonstrates the inadequacies of the experimental methods and the lack of understanding of the various phenomena involved.

Two apparent experimental methods of increasing F are increasing the

Besides the power analysis, there are less formal methods for selecting the number of experimental units.

( full factorial ) experimental methods to which randomization and

The two men were leaders of Alcott House, an experimental school based on Alcott's methods from the Temple School located about ten miles outside of London.

A review of the methods used in trials of antipsychotics, despite stating that the overall quality is " rather good ," reported issues with the selection of participants ( including that in schizophrenia trials up to 90 % of people who are generally suitable do not meet the elaborate inclusion and exclusion criteria, and that negative symptoms have not been properly assessed despite companies marketing the newer antipsychotics for these ); issues with the design of trials ( including pharmaceutical company funding of most of them, and inadequate experimental " blinding " so that trial participants could sometimes tell whether they were on placebo or not ); and issues with the assessment of outcomes ( including the use of a minimal reduction in scores to show " response ," lack of assessment of quality of life or recovery, a high rate of discontinuation, selective highlighting of favorable results in the abstracts of publications, and poor reporting of side-effects ).

Analytical chemistry incorporates standardized experimental methods in chemistry.

For many decades, consciousness as a research topic was avoided by the majority of mainstream scientists, because of a general feeling that a phenomenon defined in subjective terms could not properly be studied using objective experimental methods.

Other ( typically less accurate ) methods are called empirical or semi-empirical because they employ experimental results, often from acceptable models of atoms or related molecules, to approximate some elements of the underlying theory.

Methods that do not include any empirical or semi-empirical parameters in their equations – being derived directly from theoretical principles, with no inclusion of experimental data – are called ab initio methods.

Analytical chemistry incorporates standardized experimental methods in chemistry.

These methods are followed in experimental design.

Memory-based explanations may lead to the development of a number of non-invasive experimental methods by which a long sought-after analogue of déjà vu can be reliably produced that would allow it to be tested under well-controlled experimental conditions.

Kaiser Permanente did not change its methods of evaluating whether or not new therapies were too " experimental " to be covered until it was successfully sued twice: once for delaying in vitro fertilization treatments for two years after the courts determined that scientific evidence of efficacy and safety had reached the " reasonable " stage ; and in another case where Kaiser refused to pay for liver transplantation in infants when it had already been shown to be effective in adults, on the basis that use in infants was still " experimental.

The term semi-empirical is sometimes used to describe theoretical methods that make use of basic axioms, established scientific laws, and previous experimental results in order to engage in reasoned model building and theoretical inquiry.

Using methods drawn from the arts, they developed a series of experimental fields of study for the construction of such situations, like unitary urbanism and psychogeography.

Enormous efforts have gone into the development of experimental methods to determine the nucleotide sequence of biological DNA and RNA molecules, and today hundreds of millions of nucleotides are sequenced daily at genome centers and smaller laboratories worldwide.

Common experimental methods of structure determination include X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy, both of which can produce information at atomic resolution.

Theoretical developments have gone hand in hand with developments in experimental methods, where the use of different forms of spectroscopy, such as infrared spectroscopy, microwave spectroscopy, EPR spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy, is probably the most important 20th century development.

Randi recruited two young magicians and sent them undercover to Washington University's McDonnell Laboratory with the specific aim of exposing poor experimental methods and the credulity thought to be common in parapsychology.

Political science, as one of the social sciences, uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of inquiries sought: primary sources such as historical documents and official records, secondary sources such as scholarly journal articles, survey research, statistical analysis, case studies, experimental research and model building.

Because political science is essentially a study of human behavior, in all aspects of politics, observations in controlled environments are often challenging to reproduce or duplicate, though experimental methods are increasingly common ( see experimental political science ).

ANOVA is a particular form of statistical hypothesis testing heavily used in the analysis of experimental data.

The experimental protocol used in Carlson's study was agreed to by a group of physicists and astrologers prior to the actual experiment itself.

* The BCS theory reproduces the isotope effect, which is the experimental observation that for a given superconducting material, the critical temperature is inversely proportional to the mass of the isotope used in the material.

Commonly used experimental techniques include spectroscopy, with probes such as X-rays, infrared light and inelastic neutron scattering ; study of thermal response, such as specific heat and measurement of transport via thermal and heat conduction.

Quantum oscillations is another experimental technique where high magnetic fields are used to study material properties such as the geometry of the fermi surface.

Cold ion trapping in optical lattices is an experimental tool commonly used in condensed matter as well as atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

Condensed matter physics also has important applications to Biophysics, for example, the experimental technique of magnetic resonance imaging, which is widely used in medical diagnosis.

Computer models are used in the simulation and experimental verification of different specific and general properties of intelligence.

* Computational studies can be used to predict the possibility of so far entirely unknown molecules or to explore reaction mechanisms that are not readily studied by experimental means.

When used in scientific contexts, the term calorie refers to the small calorie ; it is often encountered in experimental calorimetry, and commonly used to specify bond and conformational energies in molecular modeling.

The technology of CDMA was used in 1957, when the young military radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich in Moscow, made an experimental model of a wearable automatic mobile phone, called LK-1 by him, with a base station.

These principles are widely used intuitively in various kinds of proofs, demonstrations and investigations, in addition to being fundamental to experimental design.

Some 19th-century or earlier experimental engines used external flames, exposed by valves, for ignition, but this becomes less attractive with increasing compression.

This lack of a performance history in space meant that despite the potential savings in propellant mass, the technology was considered too experimental to be used for high-cost missions.

Zener card s used in the early twentieth century for experimental research into ESP.

In a 1905 experimental game, Washburn and what would become Wichita State used the pass before new rules allowing the play were approved in early 1906.

The use of metal aircraft structures was pioneered before World War I by Breguet but would find its biggest proponent with Anthony Fokker who used chrome-molybdenum steel tubing for the fuselage structure of all his fighter designs, while the innovative German engineer Hugo Junkers developed two all-metal, single-seat fighter monoplane designs with cantilever wings: the strictly experimental Junkers J 2 private-venture aircraft, made with steel, and some forty examples of the Junkers D. I, made with corrugated duralumin, all based on his experience in creating the pioneering Junkers J 1 all-metal airframe technology demonstration aircraft of late 1915.

GMOs are used in biological, Anal lube, and medical research, production of pharmaceutical drugs, experimental medicine ( e. g. gene therapy ), and agriculture ( e. g. golden rice ).

Transgenic animals are used as experimental models to perform phenotypic and for testing in biomedical research.

Medicines such as insulin and human growth hormone are now produced in bacteria, experimental mice such as the oncomouse and the knockout mouse are being used for research purposes and insect resistant and / or herbicide tolerant crops have been commercialized.

Serious efforts to understand how proteins are encoded began after the structure of DNA was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick, who used the experimental evidence of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin ( among others ).