There is no agreement on when and where this Urheimat existed, though the language is generally believed to have originated somewhere in or near the region stretching from the Levant / Near East to the area between the Eastern Sahara and the Horn of Africa, including Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan.

Category: Near Eastern countries

Octavian made another bold move in 44 BC when without official permission he appropriated the annual tribute that had been sent from Rome's Near Eastern province

which left Amasis with no major Near Eastern allies to counter Persia's increasing military might.

From the Medieval Arabic king lists of both African states, allegedly copied from earlier lists in ancient Near Eastern languages it appears that the state founders claimed to be deportees of the Assyrian empire who had fled from Syria and Samaria after the defeat of the Egyptian-Assyrian army at Carchemish in 605 BCE.

Critics do, however, acknowledge that the author of Daniel was familiar with the history of Near Eastern imperial power from the sixth to the second centuries.

While these and other ancient Near Eastern texts consider comparable issues, scholars have not found their direct antecedent.

Yet, as Lemke and O ’ Connor point out, The Book of Lamentations, while adapting several traditional literary, historical, and cultural Near Eastern elements, is a unique literary composition, scripted to a specific historical situation, in response to an historical catastrophe, addressing the survivors of this catastrophe in a distinctive religious context.

The Ancient Near Eastern collection also had its beginnings in 1825 with the purchase of Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities from the widow of Claudius James Rich.

By 1959 the Coins and Medals office suite, completely destroyed during the war, was rebuilt and re-opened, attention turned towards the gallery work with new tastes in design leading to the remodelling of Robert Smirke's Classical and Near Eastern galleries.

However, the collapse of the Near Eastern trading system pointed to a flaw: in an era where there was no place that was safe to store value, the value of a circulating medium could only be as sound as the forces that defended that store.

The University of Chicago Oriental Institute has an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archaeological artifacts.

North Africa and the Nile Valley imported its iron technology from the Near East and followed Near Eastern course of Bronze Age and Iron Age development.

As an example, McGinn cites the apocalypse in the Book of Daniel, which he sees as a record of historical events presented as a prophecy of future events and expressed in terms of " mythic structures ", with " the Hellenistic kingdom figured as a terrifying monster that cannot but recall Near Eastern pagan myth of the dragon of chaos ".

Some scholars have argued that the calm, orderly, monotheistic creation story in Genesis 1 can be interpreted as a reaction against the creation myths of other Near Eastern cultures.

Many Near Eastern religions include a story about a battle between a divine being and a dragon or other monster representing chaos — a theme found, for example, in the Enuma Elish.

The most recent study on the ante-Aesopic fables or the fables in ancient Near Eastern languages by Akimoto discovers the rich fable traditions in ancient Mesopotamia and Anatolia ; for example, the Ninurta-uballitsu Assyrian fable collection which is the oldest known fable collection with the compiler's autograph and the completion date 883 BCE, the Hurrian-Hittite bilingual fable collections are embedded in a long myth and the storyteller tells after each fable his / her own moral.

Ben E. Perry ( compiler of the " Perry Index " of Aesop's fables ) has argued controversially that some of the Buddhist Jataka tales and some of the fables in the Panchatantra may have been influenced by similar Greek and Near Eastern ones.

In the Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts it is revealed the ancient Egyptians believed Nun ( the Ocean ) was a circular body surrounding nbwt ( a term meaning " dry lands " or " Islands ") and therefore believed in a similar Ancient Near Eastern circular earth cosmography surrounded by water.

* Koine Greek: The fusion of various ancient Greek dialects with Attic, the dialect of Athens, resulted in the creation of the first common Greek dialect, which became a lingua franca across Eastern Mediterranean and Near East.

* Burkert, Walter, The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age, 1998

The language of the Hattusa tablets was eventually deciphered by a Czech linguist, Bedřich Hrozný ( 1879 – 1952 ), who on 24 November 1915 announced his results in a lecture at the Near Eastern Society of Berlin.

The religion of the Israelites of Iron Age I, like many Ancient Near Eastern religions, was based on the cult of the ancestors and the worship of family gods ( the " gods of the fathers ").

* Ancient Near Eastern religion, Egyptian mythology

Neusner has aimed to make Rabbinic literature useful to specialists in a variety of fields within the academic study of religion, as well as in ancient history, culture and Near and Middle Eastern Studies.

* Martin Kramer, " Edward Said's Splash ", from his book, Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America, Washington: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2001, pp. 27 – 43.

" in Mordechai Cogan and Dan ` el Kahn ( eds ), Treasures on Camels ' Humps: Historical and Literary Studies from the Ancient Near East Presented to Israel Eph ' al ( Jerusalem, Magnes Press, 2008 ).

* Daniel Boyarin, professor of Talmudic Culture, Near Eastern Studies and Rhetoric, University of California at Berkeley

* Arthur Green, professor emeritus of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies at Brandeis, rector of Hebrew College rabbinical school

* Donald E. McCown, Excavations at Nippur, 1948 – 50, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol.

* Victor Avigdor Hurowitz, "" Shutting Up " the Enemy: Literary Gleanings from Sargon's Eighth Campaign ," in Mordechai Cogan and Dan ' el Kahn ( eds ), Treasures on Camels ' Humps: Historical and Literary Studies from the Ancient Near East Presented to Israel Eph ' al ( Jerusalem, Magnes Press, 2008 ),

" Six Studies of Out-of-the-Body Experiences " Journal of Near Death Studies.

Studies in the Late Roman, Sasanian, and Early Islamic Near East.

" Journal of Near Eastern Studies 45 ( 4 ): 251 – 269.

* Amitai Baruchi-Unna, " Crossing the Boundaries: Literary Allusions to the Epic of Gilgamesh in the Account of Esarhaddon's Egyptian Campaign ," in Mordechai Cogan and Dan ' el Kahn ( eds ), Treasures on Camels ' Humps: Historical and Literary Studies from the Ancient Near East Presented to Israel Eph ` al ( Jerusalem, Magnes Press, 2008 ),

* Erle Leichty, " Esarhaddon's Eastern Campaign ," in Mordechai Cogan and Dan ' el Kahn ( eds ), Treasures on Camels ' Humps: Historical and Literary Studies from the Ancient Near East Presented to Israel Eph ' al ( Jerusalem, Magnes Press, 2008 ),

Ali Ahmad Jalali ( born 1940 ) is an Afghan American and a Distinguished Professor at the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies of the United States ' National Defense University.

Uphill, “ A Bibliography of Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie ( 1853 – 1942 )," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 1972 Vol.

* Jewish and Near Eastern Studies

* Ivan Engnell, Studies in Divine Kingship in the Ancient Near East, 2nd ed.

* Bradstreet, Michael S. W. Studies Near the Pond Inlet Ice Edge Occurrence, Habitat Use, and Behavior of Seabirds, Marine Mammals, and Arctic Cod.

and a Ph. D. in Near Eastern Studies from Princeton University in 1978.

Bernard Haykel, professor of Near Eastern Studies, states that among Sunnis is " a strongly held view that temporal proximity to the Prophet Muhammad is associated with the truest form of Islam.

Mark Cohen, Professor of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University, in his Under Crescent and Cross, calls the idealized interfaith utopia a " myth " that was first promulgated by Jewish historians such as Heinrich Graetz in the 19th century as a rebuke to Christian countries for their treatment of Jews.

* The Musical Legacy of Al-Andalus an interview between Banning Eyre ( Afropop Worldwide ) and Dwight Reynolds, Associate Professor in the Department of Religious Studies, Director of the Center for Middle East Studies, and Chair of Islamic and Near Eastern Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara