They also give information which will aid in the design of a more satisfactory instrument for the measurement of the normal pressures.

Such an instrument is expected to be especially useful if it could be used to measure the elasticity of heavy pastes such as printing inks, paints, adhesives, molten plastics, and bread dough, for the elasticity is related to those various properties termed `` length '', `` shortness '', `` spinnability '', etc., which are usually judged by subjective methods at present.

The instrument is shown in Fig. 1 and consists essentially of a hard, sharp, tungsten carbide knife which is pushed along the substrate to remove the coating.

If a wedge-shaped coating of increasing thickness is removed from a substrate by an instrument like the Hesiometer with a knife of constant rake angle, a number of removal mechanisms are often observed which depend upon the thickness of the coating.

However, wall depictions of this instrument have not been discovered, casting some doubt over the extent to which this instrument was used.

The Spectrogram produced by such an instrument is a graphical display of the time varying pressure level and frequency profiles which give a specific acoustic signal its defining character.

In his instrument, temperatures were indicated by the height at which a column of mercury was sustained by a certain mass of air, the volume, or " spring ", of which varied with the heat to which it was exposed.

In general, the guitar's soundbox can be thought of as composed of two connected chambers: the upper bouts and lower bouts ( a bout being the rounded corner of an instrument body ), which meet at the waist, or the narrowest part of the body face near the soundhole.

The tradeoff is reduced soundbox volume, and often a change in bracing, which can change the resonant qualities and hence the tone of the instrument.

Thus if the instrument depends on the pressure or suction effect alone, and this pressure or suction is measured against the air pressure in an ordinary room, in which the doors and windows are carefully closed and a newspaper is then burnt up the chimney, an effect may be produced equal to a wind of 10 mi / h ( 16 km / h ); and the opening of a window in rough weather, or the opening of a door, may entirely alter the registration.

The first patent on a ballpoint pen was issued on 30 October 1888, to John Loud, a leather tanner, who was attempting to make a writing instrument that would be able to write on his leather products, which then-common fountain pens could not do.

The most common solo instrument is the prima, which is tuned E-E-A ( thus the two lower strings are tuned to the same pitch ).

In the 18th century, makers developed interchangeable crooks of different-lengths, which let players use a single instrument in more than one key.

* Keyed or Fingered brass instruments used holes along the body of the instrument, which were covered by fingers or by finger-operated pads ( keys ) in a similar way to a woodwind instrument.

One modern example of such an ascending valve is the Yamaha YSL-350C trombone, in which the extra valve tubing is normally engaged to pitch the instrument in Bb, and pressing the thumb lever removes a whole step to pitch the instrument in C. Valves require regular lubrication.

He concentrated more on the piano than any other instrument, and his time in London in 1791 and 1792 generated the composition and publication in 1793 of three piano sonatas, opus 2, which idiomatically used Mozart's techniques of avoiding the expected cadence, and Clementi's sometimes modally uncertain virtuoso figuration.

A decision is an instrument which is focused at a particular person or group and is directly applicable.

" The synthesis of his dialectical examination of the nature of war is his famous " trinity ," saying that war is " a fascinating trinity — composed of primordial violence, hatred, and enmity, which are to be regarded as a blind natural force ; the play of chance and probability, within which the creative spirit is free to roam ; and its element of subordination, as an instrument of policy, which makes it subject to pure reason.

Early simulators often suffered from flight models and instrument panels that differed little between aircraft, but more recent examples have excelled in this regard, forcing the virtual pilot to learn the carefully modelled strengths and weaknesses of the various types ( e. g. the different fighting and flying styles of a Spitfire versus a Messerschmitt 109 in IL-2 Sturmovik or a Mitsubishi Zero versus a US Navy F4F Wildcat in Combat Flight Simulator 2 ).

A derivative is a financial instrument whose value is based on one or more underlying assets.

Violin music came to value a smoothness which fiddling, with its dance-driven clear beat, did not always follow-in situations that required greater volume, a fiddler ( as long as they kept the beat ) could push their instrument harder than could a violinist.

# systematic error which always occurs ( with the same value ) when we use the instrument in the same way, and

An opponent of pragmatism and progressive education, Bagley insisted on the value of knowledge for its own sake, not merely as an instrument, and he criticized his colleagues for their failure to emphasize systematic study of academic subjects.

In general use, calibration is often regarded as including the process of adjusting the output or indication on a measurement instrument to agree with value of the applied standard, within a specified accuracy.

That is, if a measurement of a real-value quantity is performed many times, each time starting with the same initial conditions, the outcome is a well-defined probability distribution agreeing with the real numbers ; moreover, quantum mechanics provides a computational instrument to determine statistical properties of this distribution, such as its expectation value.

*** A death put is an optional redemption feature on a debt instrument allowing the beneficiary of the estate of a deceased bondholder to put ( sell ) the bond ( back to the issuer ) at face value in the event of the bondholder's death or legal incapacitation.

Speculation is the practice of engaging in risky financial transactions in an attempt to profit from short or medium term fluctuations in the market value of a tradable good such as a financial instrument, rather than attempting to profit from the underlying financial attributes embodied in the instrument such as capital gains, interest, or dividends.

"... legal instrument reflecting the relationship between the United States Government and a State, a local government, or other entity when 1 ) the principal purpose of the relationship is to transfer a thing of value to the State or local government or other recipient to carry out a public purpose of support or stimulation authorized by a law of the United States instead of acquiring ( by purchase, lease, or barter ) property or services for the direct benefit or use of the United States Government ; and 2 ) substantial involvement is not expected between the executive agency and the State, local government, or other recipient when carrying out the activity contemplated in the agreement.

* Security ( finance ), a fungible, negotiable financial instrument representing financial value

For an instrument whose payment stream is described by f ( t ), the value V ( t ) satisfies the inhomogeneous first-order ODE (" inhomogeneous " is because one has f rather than 0, and " first-order " is because one has first derivatives but no higher derivatives ) – this encodes the fact that when any cash flow occurs, the value of the instrument changes by the value of the cash flow ( if you receive a $ 10 coupon, the remaining value decreases by exactly $ 10 ).

A put option is said to have intrinsic value when the underlying instrument has a spot price ( S ) below the option's strike price ( K ).

In mathematical finance, the Greeks are the quantities representing the sensitivities of the price of derivatives such as options to a change in underlying parameters on which the value of an instrument or portfolio of financial instruments is dependent.

Fixing can often change the value of a financial instrument, and can be difficult to encode in the software models used to price such instruments.

The theorem is especially important in the theory of financial mathematics as it tells how to convert from the physical measure which describes the probability that an underlying instrument ( such as a share price or interest rate ) will take a particular value or values to the risk-neutral measure which is a very useful tool for pricing derivatives on the underlying.

Although it typically has a coupon rate lower than that of similar, non-convertible debt, the instrument carries additional value through the option to convert the bond to stock, and thereby participate in further growth in the company's equity value.

Using visual imagery of a soroban, one can arrive at the answer in the same time as, or even faster than, is possible with a physical instrument.

Yet even the fish is an instrument of God's sovereignty and salvation.

Graph of cosmic microwave background spectrum measured by the FIRAS instrument on the Cosmic Background Explorer | COBE, the most-precisely measured black body spectrum in nature, the standard error of estimation | error bars are too small to be seen even in enlarged image, and it is impossible to distinguish the observed data from the theoretical curve

Björk also made extensive use of and even played the instrument herself on the song " My Juvenile " of her 2007 album Volta.

Early clavichords frequently had many notes played on each string, even going so far as the keyed monochord — an instrument with only one string — though most clavichords were triple-or double-fretted.

They require virtuosic runs and great leaps to the highest registers of the instrument, even into the realm of harmonics.

Since then the Court has appeared to be more open to finding states guilty of torture and has even ruled that since the Convention is a " living instrument ", treatment which it had previously characterised as inhuman or degrading treatment might in future be regarded as torture.

The discovery was also the oldest confirmed find of any musical instrument in history, until a redating of flutes found in Geißenklösterle cave revealed them to be even older with an age of 42. 000 to 43. 000 years.

A particular rhythmic pattern, or a characteristic instrument, is enough to give a traditional feel to music, even when it has been composed recently.

Indeed, even the Greenwich meridian itself is not quite what it used to be — defined by " the centre of the transit instrument at the Observatory at Greenwich ".

It is not often recognized that in his earlier work on the " Sea clocks " Harrison was continually assisted both financially and in many other ways by George Graham, the watchmaker and instrument maker who lent him a large sum on the basis of trust even after Harrison's first visit to Graham in 1728 to explain how his timekeeper worked.

It is in the Art Deco style, incorporating bold red and white lines on the soundboard to create a stylized and distinct instrument, that still appears modern and bold even today.

Nevertheless, even in folk and popular styles, a number of performers have had some type of music lessons, such as meeting with a vocal coach or getting childhood instruction in an instrument such as piano.

The three-word English phrase, " with his club ", where ' with ' identifies its dependent noun phrase as an instrument and ' his ' denotes a possession relation, would consist of two words or even just one word in many languages.

Bach did approve of a later instrument he saw in 1747, and even served as an agent in selling Silbermann's pianos.

The instrument became popular with other bassists influenced by his highly melodic style, as it produces a clear tone even when played high up the neck, its deep cutaways allowing easy access to the higher frets.

* Jew's harp: An instrument often known for its historical purpose for men " serenading " their sweethearts, It even went to the extent of being repeatedly banned for its " endangerment on female virtue ", it is also believed that it was banned because of its construction of silver, and due to the great demand on silver in the 19th Century Austria this was another reason for its outlawing.

This gave the Star Chamber great flexibility as it could punish offenders for any action which the court felt should be illegal even when in fact it was technically legal ; however, it also meant that the justice imposed by the Star Chamber could be very arbitrary and subjective, and allowed the court to be used later on in its history as an instrument of oppression rather than for the purpose of justice for which it was intended.

This is particularly evident in the Delaware business trust, which could theoretically, with the language in the " governing instrument ", be organized as a cooperative corporation, limited liability corporation, or perhaps even a nonprofit corporation.

In poor weather, pilots will use an instrument landing system ( ILS ) to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground.

The material of the instrument may vary ( many piccolos are made of wood, some very large flutes are wooden or even made of PVC ).

For example, electrical system failures, instrument failures, hydraulic system failures, and even flight control failures can be simulated without risk to the pilots or an aircraft.

Since the Romantic era, the cello has received as much attention as the piano and violin as a concerto instrument, and many great Romantic and even more 20th century composers left examples.

For individual skill, even skill at a highly imitative enterprise, like sports or mastery of a musical instrument, this is very often quite measurable.