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panopticon – paraffin test – participatory justice – peace model – peacemaking criminology – penal couple – penile plethysmography – penitentiary – penology – perfect crime – perjury – pharmaceutical diversion – phenobarbital – phenomenological criminology – pimping – piracy – plea bargain – plea of temporary insanity – police – police corruption – police misconduct – police riot – police state – police surgeon – polygraph – Portland Seven – positivism – positivist school of criminology – post-crime victimization – post-mortem examination – postmortem lividity – postal fraud – postmodern criminology – powercontrol theory – Alma Preinkert – primary deviance – primary research – prison – prison cell – prisons in the United States – Prohibition – prosecutor's fallacy – prostitution – protection / avoidance strategy – psychiatric criminology – psychiatric theories of criminology – psychoactive substance – psychoanalytic criminology – psychological profiling – psychological theories – psychopath – public order crime – punishment – pure research – pyromania
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panopticon and –
In one example, Pugin contrasted a medieval monastic foundation, where monks fed and clothed the needy, grew food in the gardens – and gave the dead a decent burial – with " a panopticon workhouse where the poor were beaten, half starved and sent off after death for dissection.
This design, intended to keep prisoners isolated – the " separate system " first used at Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia – was not, as is often thought, a panopticon.
panopticon and model
Panopticism I refers to Jeremy Bentham ’ s original conceptualization of the panopticon, and is it the model of panopticism that Foucault responds to in his 1975 Discipline and Punish.
panopticon and penal
The penitentiary included many innovative ideas in penal reform, espoused by Thomas Jefferson and other figures, including cells arranged in a semicircle, similar but not identical to Jeremy Bentham's panopticon, that allowed for easy surveillance, as well as improved living conditions for sanitation and ventilation.
panopticon and prison
Port Arthur was one example of the “ Separate Prison Typology ” ( sometimes known as the Model prison ), which emerged from Jeremy Bentham ’ s theories and his panopticon.
The new prison was built of brick and stone, it was designed by Richard Ingleman as a two-storey polygon surrounding a central governor's house and reflected the panopticon principle.
A common layout resembled Jeremy Bentham's prison panopticon, a radial design with four three-storey buildings at its centre set within a rectangular courtyard, the perimeter of which was defined by a three-storey entrance block and single-storey outbuildings, all enclosed by a wall.
Several studies were made during the late 70s and 80s: Study for the renovation of a panopticon prison in Arnhem in 1979, Boompjes tower slab in Rotterdam ( 1979 ), Housing for Berlin IBA ( 1980, not realised, and the reason OMA would not design anything in Berlin anymore in the 20th century, the Dutch Embassy Building being the come-back ), masterplan for a world exhibition in Paris ( 1983 ).
His discussions of techniques included the panopticon, a theoretical prison system developed by English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, and particularly useful for New Historicism.
Breda was the site of one of the first panopticon prison establishments.
Beechworth Prison is architecturally significant as an outstanding example of a panopticon prison, of which nine erected in Victoria, and as one of only two which continue to operate as prisons.
This allowed for control from the centre and " a new mode of obtaining power of mind over mind ", an application of the panopticon prison design theories of Jeremy Bentham.
panopticon and prisons
The Beechworth Gaol is one of nine Victorian prisons designed on the radiating ' panopticon ' principle which had proved an efficient, cost-effective design for easy surveillance of prisoners by allowing guards to watch over a large area from a central observation point.
– and paraffin
* August 20 – Abergele Train Disaster in Wales: An Irish Mail passenger train collides with 4 cargo trucks loaded with paraffin: 33 are killed ( the first major train disaster in Britain ).
– and test
The ANOVA F – test ( of the null-hypothesis that all treatments have exactly the same effect ) is recommended as a practical test, because of its robustness against many alternative distributions.
The Kruskal – Wallis test and the Friedman test are nonparametric tests, which do not rely on an assumption of normality.
This became poignantly true during the most serious test of American cohesion in the U. S. Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ).
* 1957 – The Soviet Union successfully conducts a long-range test flight of the R-7 Semyorka, the first intercontinental ballistic missile.
* 1962 – Japan conducts a test of the NAMC YS-11, its first aircraft since World War II and its only successful commercial aircraft from before or after the war.
* 1981 – STS-1 – The first operational space shuttle, Columbia ( OV-102 ) completes its first test flight.
* 1963 – The United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union sign a nuclear test ban treaty.
* 1985 – U. S. S. R performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakhstan / Semipalatinsk.
The traditional test for the presence of first-order autocorrelation is the Durbin – Watson statistic or, if the explanatory variables include a lagged dependent variable, Durbin's h statistic.
A more flexible test, covering autocorrelation of higher orders and applicable whether or not the regressors include lags of the dependent variable, is the Breusch – Godfrey test.
The Lions won all of their games that did not have test status except for the matches against Auckland, Wellington and Canterbury ; they did however lose three of their four test matches against the All Blacks, winning the first test 6 – 3 ..
The Lions easily won both tests against Australia and lost the first three tests against the All Blacks, but did find victory ( 9 – 6 ) in the final test.
It went through 22 games unbeaten, and triumphed 3 – 0 ( with one drawn ) in the test series.
The tourists won six and lost four non-test matches, and lost the test series 2 – 1.
The Lions won the test series 2 – 1.
In 2001, the ten game tour to Australia, saw the Wallabies win the test series 2 – 1.
In addition, manufacturers are now obliged to provide conformity risk assessments and test reports – or explain why they are lacking.
A test dose of 1 – 2 mg of intramuscular lorazepam will often result in marked improvement within half an hour.
* 1992 – A test engineer for Sema Group uses a personal computer to send the world's first text message via the Vodafone network to the phone of a colleague.
– and participatory
Action research or participatory action research – is a research initiated to solve an immediate problem or a reflective process of progressive problem solving led by individuals working with others in teams or as part of a " community of practice " to improve the way they address issues and solve problems.
Orlando Fals-Borda ( 1925 – 2008 ), Colombian sociologist and political activist, was one of principal promoters of " participatory action research " ( IAP in Spanish ) in Latin America.
A brief period where a region was governed almost totally by participatory democracy occurred during the Spanish civil war, from 1936 – 1938, in the parts of Spain controlled by anarchist republicans.
' It from bit ' symbolizes the idea that every item of the physical world has at bottom — a very deep bottom, in most instances — an immaterial source and explanation ; that which we call reality arises in the last analysis from the posing of yes – no questions and the registering of equipment-evoked responses ; in short, that all things physical are information-theoretic in origin and that this is a participatory universe.
Moreover, in the latter stages of the civil war, the CIA persuaded the Guatemalan military to reduce the incidence and number of human rights-violations ; and, in 1983, thwarted a palace coup d ’ état, which allowed the eventual restoration of participatory democracy and civil government ; the resultant national election was won by the Democrácia Cristiana ( Christian Democracy ) party, whereby Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo became President of the Republic of Guatemala ( 1986 – 91 ).
– and justice
It could be suggested that in Murder on the Orient Express Poirot allows the murderers to escape justice as well, after he discovers that twelve different people stabbed the victim – Mr. Ratchett – in his sleep.
The French Revolution ( 1787 – 99 ) that began during his youth was also influential: Ampère ’ s father was called into public service by the new revolutionary government, becoming a justice of the peace in a small town near Lyon.
* 1741 – Samuel Chase, American justice of the Supreme Court ( d. 1811 )
Chapters 24 – 34, while too complex to characterize easily, are primarily concerned with prophecies of a " Messiah ", a person anointed or given power by God, and of the Messiah's kingdom, where justice and righteousness will reign.
1 ) 1st / Isa 42: 1 – 4 The servant is the chosen one, given the Spirit to establish justice through the world
* A Covenant lawsuit ( 6: 1 – 5 ): Yahweh accuses Israel ( the people of Judah ) of breaking the covenant through their lack of justice and honesty, after the pattern of the kings of Israel ( northern kingdom )
* 1917 – Louis-Philippe de Grandpré, Canadian lawyer and justice of the Supreme Court of Canada ( d. 2008 )
" Hayek and social justice: a critique ", Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 12 ( 4 ): 581 – 604.
The utopian ideals of the founding fathers – social justice and the right to decent work – were changed by diplomatic and political compromises made at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, showing the ILO's balance between idealism and pragmatism.
** Bill Clinton, Democrat, was impeached on December 19, 1998, by the House of Representatives on articles charging perjury ( specifically, lying to a federal grand jury ) by a 228 – 206 vote, and obstruction of justice by a 221 – 212 vote.
* 1832 – George Shiras Jr., U. S. Supreme Court justice ( d. 1924 )
* 1967 – U. S. President Lyndon B. Johnson nominates Solicitor-General Thurgood Marshall to become the first black justice on the U. S. Supreme Court.
* lines 16. 7-34 – Soldiers are immune to justice since they have to be tried in the camp among other soldiers, where a plaintiff will get no help prosecuting them, and may get a beating in addition for their trouble.
* 1915 – Militia officer Henry Pedris executed by firing squad at Colombo, Ceylon-an act widely regarded as a miscarriage of justice by the British colonial authorities.
* 1974 – Watergate scandal: the House of Representatives Judiciary Committee votes 27 to 11 to recommend the first article of impeachment ( for obstruction of justice ) against President Richard Nixon.
* 1911 – Japanese anarchist Shūsui Kōtoku is hanged for treason in a case now considered a miscarriage of justice.
* 1974 – Watergate scandal: Seven are indicted for their role in the Watergate break-in and charged with conspiracy to obstruct justice.
* 1919 – Willard Estey, Canadian justice of the Supreme Court of Canada ( d. 2002 )
* 2002 – A federal grand jury in Houston, Texas indicts former Enron Corp. chief financial officer Andrew Fastow on 78 counts of wire fraud, money laundering, conspiracy and obstruction of justice related to the collapse of his ex-employer.
* 1836 – Henri Elzéar Taschereau, Canadian jurist and Chief justice of Canada ( d. 1911 )
* 1967 – Thurgood Marshall is sworn in as the first African-American justice of United States Supreme Court.
In short, unless the crime is deemed exceptionally heinous – for example, murder, to which the statute does not generally apply – social justice as enacted through law says that lesser crimes from long ago are best left alone so as not to detract attention from more serious crimes.
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