and in modern societies such influence is still great.

Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies.

While Durkheim and others examined the state of modern societies, Mauss and his collaborators ( such as Henri Hubert and Robert Hertz ) drew on ethnography and philology to analyze societies that were not as ' differentiated ' as European nation states.

Archaeological cultural units such as Ancestral Pueblo, Hohokam, Patayan or Mogollon are used by archaeologists to define material culture similarities and differences that may identify prehistoric socio-cultural units, equivalent to modern societies or peoples.

The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age system, as proposed in modern times by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, for classifying and studying ancient societies.

Pre-modern societies do not have the same precise timekeeping requirements that exist in modern industrial societies, where every hour of work or rest is monitored, and work may start or finish at any time regardless of external conditions.

This view provided an implicit justification of British colonialism with Britain assuming the " white man's burden " of breaking these societies from their static past and bringing them into the modern world.

* The Human Zoo ( 1969 ) — a continuation of the previous book, analysing human behaviour in big modern societies and their resemblance to animal behaviour in captivity.

Accepting the existence of these two societies, the constant tension between them, and extensive geographic and social mobility tied to a market economy holds the key to a clearer understanding of the evolution of the social structure, economy, and even political system of early modern France.

Most modern societies have laws regarding incest or social restrictions on closely consanguineous marriages.

Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the low cost of producing integrated circuits.

We know of two types of economies in human societies: natural or non-monetary economies ( using barter and trade with no centralized nor standardized set of financial instruments ) and more modern monetary economies ( with markets, currency, financial instruments and so on ).

Some ancient societies and most modern states employ partible inheritance, under which every child inherits ( usually equally ).

Anecdotal literature reinforces this impression of general societal acceptance of the public celebration of male-male love ( which hostile Western caricatures of Islamic societies in medieval and early modern times simply exaggerate ).

In modern times, the term " jianghu " can take on two generic meanings, one for different professional circles and a second used to refer to the triads and the secret societies of gangsters.

The association of justice with fairness has thus been historically and culturally rare and is perhaps chiefly a modern innovation western societies.

Kult's magic system is largely drawn on the same real-world occult belief systems as some modern magick societies.

In particular the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed then by the horror of World War I, were among the factors that shaped Modernism.

Archeologists in Niger have much work to do, with little known of the prehistory of the societies that inhabited the south, the home of the vast majority of modern Nigeriens.

The modernist interpretation of nationalism and nation-building perceives that nationalism arises and flourishes in modern societies described as being associated with having: an industrial economy capable of self-sustainability of the society, a central supreme authority capable of maintaining authority and unity, and a centralized language or small group of centralized languages understood by a community of people.

Modernist theorists note that this is only possible in modern societies, while traditional societies typically: lack a modern industrial self-sustainable economy, have divided authorities, have multiple languages resulting in many people being unable to communicate with each other.

" Such definitions depend upon "( cultural ) processes rather than abstract musical types ...", upon " continuity and oral transmission ... seen as characterizing one side of a cultural dichotomy, the other side of which is found not only in the lower layers of feudal, capitalist and some oriental societies but also in ' primitive ' societies and in parts of ' popular cultures '.

They thought this was a good assumption from which to explore the dynamics of development in capitalist societies.

Weber also noted that societies having more Protestants were those with a more highly developed capitalist economy.

In fact, modernism flourished mainly in consumer / capitalist societies, despite the fact that its proponents often rejected consumerism itself.

Like Marxists, fascists maintain that class conflict is a feature inherent in capitalist societies and seek to remedy it by government means.

The spectacle, which according to Debord is the core feature of the advanced capitalist societies, has its " most glaring superficial manifestation " in the advertising-mass media-marketing complex.

As such, in the Western world, since the late 18th century, the bourgeoisie describes a social class " characterized by their ownership of capital, and their related culture "; hence, the personal terms bourgeois ( masculine, pronounced bo ͝ orˈZHwä ) and bourgeoise ( feminine, pronounced bo ͝ orˈZHwäz ) culturally identify the man or woman who is a member of the wealthiest social class in capitalist societies.

In contemporary academic theories, the term bourgeoisie usually refers to the ruling class in capitalist societies.

Contemporarily, the terms " bourgeoisie " and " bourgeois " identify the ruling class in capitalist societies, as a social stratum ; while " bourgeois " describes the Weltanschauung ( worldview ) of men and women whose way of thinking is socially and culturally determined by their economic materialism and philistinism, a social identity catalogued and described in drame bourgeois ( bourgeois drama ), which satirizes buying the trappings of a noble-birth identity as the means climbing the social ladder.

: The notion of one art for the ' cultural ,' i. e., the favored few in any given society and of another subart for the ' uncultured ,' i. e., an excluded majority as deficient in Gutenberg skills as they are untutored in ' taste ,' in fact represents the last survival in mass industrial societies ( capitalist, socialist, communist — it makes no difference in this regard ) of an invidious distinction proper only to a class-structured community.

In capitalist societies, individual workers specialize for functions such as building construction or gasoline transport.

From then all societies are divided into two major classes-master and slaves in ancient society, lords and serfs in feudal society and capitalist and wage labourers in capitalist society.

A growing body of archaeological and palynological evidence finds that simple human societies brought about extensive changes to their environments before the establishment of any sort of state, feudal or capitalist, and before the development of large scale mining, smelting or shipbuilding industries.

Meanwhile, many of these theorists believed that traditional Marxist theory could not adequately explain the turbulent and unexpected development of capitalist societies in the twentieth century.

However, in modern developed countries, the bourgeoisie is taken to be the class that owns and controls the means of production, and is thus considered the ruling class in capitalist societies.

This argument goes, again in contrast to the conceptions inherent within Stagist theory, that capitalist nations, indeed all class-based societies, develop unevenly and that some parts will develop more swiftly than others.

This reflects his view that these countries are state capitalist societies rather than deformed workers states.

For instance, within the field of social ethics, Deirdre McCloskey argues that virtue ethics can provide a basis for a balanced approach to understanding capitalism and capitalist societies.

At the same time, Karl Marx was aware that most of the people living in capitalist societies did not see how the system shaped the entire operation of society.

In capitalist societies, when civil liberties are present, full-time activists can be employed on wages.

Still other critics have argued that groups based on shared identity, other than class ( e. g.: religious identity or neurological wiring ), can divert energy and attention from more fundamental issues, such as class conflict in capitalist societies.