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If and π
If the phase difference is 180 degrees ( π radians ), then the two oscillators are said to be in antiphase.
If the inclination is zero or 180 degrees ( π radians ), the azimuth is arbitrary.
If, instead of 1 matching entry, there are k matching entries, the same algorithm works but the number of iterations must be π ( N / k )< sup > 1 / 2 </ sup >/ 4 instead of πN < sup > 1 / 2 </ sup >/ 4.
If a line is perpendicular to another as shown, all of the angles created by their intersection are called right angles ( right angles measure π / 2 radians, or 90 °).
If you measure the circumferences of circles of steadily larger diameters and divide the former by the latter, all three geometries give the value π for small enough diameters but the ratio departs from π for larger diameters unless Ω = 1:
:: Example: If the CSPRNG under consideration produces output by computing bits of π in sequence, starting from some unknown point in the binary expansion, it may well satisfy the next-bit test and thus be statistically random, as π appears to be a random sequence.
# If the injectivity radius of a compact n-dimensional Riemannian manifold isπ then the average scalar curvature is at most n ( n-1 ).
* If π < sub > 1 </ sub >( M ) is finite then the geometric structure on M is spherical, and M is compact.
* If π < sub > 1 </ sub >( M ) is virtually cyclic but not finite then the geometric structure on M is S < sup > 2 </ sup >× R, and M is compact.
* If π < sub > 1 </ sub >( M ) is virtually abelian but not virtually cyclic then the geometric structure on M is Euclidean, and M is compact.
* If π < sub > 1 </ sub >( M ) is virtually nilpotent but not virtually abelian then the geometric structure on M is nil geometry, and M is compact.
* If π < sub > 1 </ sub >( M ) is virtually solvable but not virtually nilpotent then the geometric structure on M is sol geometry, and M is compact.
* If π < sub > 1 </ sub >( M ) has an infinite normal cyclic subgroup but is not virtually solvable then the geometric structure on M is either H < sup > 2 </ sup >× R or the universal cover of SL ( 2, R ).
If it is compact, then the 2 geometries can be distinguished by whether or not π < sub > 1 </ sub >( M ) has a finite index subgroup that splits as a semidirect product of the normal cyclic subgroup and something else.
* If π < sub > 1 </ sub >( M ) has no infinite normal cyclic subgroup and is not virtually solvable then the geometric structure on M is hyperbolic, and M may be either compact or non-compact.
If tan ( φ ) tan ( δ ) > 1, then the sun does not set and the sun is already risen at h = π, so h < sub > o </ sub > = π.
If c < sub > 1 </ sub > ∈ C is another pre-image of x in C then the subgroups p < sub >#</ sub > ( π < sub > 1 </ sub >( C, c )) and p < sub >#</ sub > ( π < sub > 1 </ sub >( C, c < sub > 1 </ sub >)) are conjugate in π < sub > 1 </ sub >( X, x ) by p-image of a curve in C connecting c to c < sub > 1 </ sub >.
the set of homotopy classes of those closed curves γ based at x whose lifts γ < sub > C </ sub > in C, starting at c, are closed curves at c. If X and C are path-connected, the degree of the cover p ( that is, the cardinality of any fiber of p ) is equal to the index ( π < sub > 1 </ sub >( C, c )) of the subgroup p < sub >#</ sub > ( π < sub > 1 </ sub >( C, c )) in π < sub > 1 </ sub >( X, x ).

If and E
If there are g ( E ) dE states with energy E to E + dE, then the Boltzmann distribution predicts a probability distribution for the energy:
If, by contrast they are in a trans configuration, then the stereoisomer is assigned an E or Entgegen configuration.
If the 3 generations are then put in a 3x3 hermitian matrix with certain additions for the diagonal elements then these matrices form an exceptional ( grassman -) Jordan algebra, which has the symmetry group of one of the exceptional Lie groups ( F < sub > 4 </ sub >, E < sub > 6 </ sub >, E < sub > 7 </ sub > or E < sub > 8 </ sub >) depending on the details.
If E / F is a Galois extension, then Aut ( E / F ) is called the Galois group of ( the extension ) E over F, and is usually denoted by Gal ( E / F ).
If E / F is a Galois extension, then Gal ( E / F ) can be given a topology, called the Krull topology, that makes it into a profinite group.
If the cause of the crash is uncertain, this number is rendered as 48454C50, which stands for " HELP " in hexadecimal ASCII characters ( 48 = H, 45 = E, 4C = L, 50 = P ).
If M is an R module and is its ring of endomorphisms, then if and only if there is a unique idempotent e in E such that and.
If a particle of charge q moves with velocity v in the presence of an electric field E and a magnetic field B, then it will experience a force
A measure μ is monotonic: If E < sub > 1 </ sub > and E < sub > 2 </ sub > are measurable sets with E < sub > 1 </ sub > ⊆ E < sub > 2 </ sub > then
A measure μ is countably subadditive: If E < sub > 1 </ sub >, E < sub > 2 </ sub >, E < sub > 3 </ sub >, … is a countable sequence of sets in Σ, not necessarily disjoint, then
A measure μ is continuous from below: If E < sub > 1 </ sub >, E < sub > 2 </ sub >, E < sub > 3 </ sub >, … are measurable sets and E < sub > n </ sub > is a subset of E < sub > n + 1 </ sub > for all n, then the union of the sets E < sub > n </ sub > is measurable, and

If and
If X and Y are Banach spaces over the same ground field K, the set of all continuous K-linear maps T: X Y is denoted by B ( X, Y ).
The tensor product X ⊗ Y from X and Y is a K-vector space Z with a bilinear function T: X × Y Z which has the following universal property: If T ′: X × Y Z ′ is any bilinear function into a K-vector space Z ′, then only one linear function f: Z Z ′ with exists.
If this limit exists, then it may be computed by taking the limit as h 0 along the real axis or imaginary axis ; in either case it should give the same result.
* Scanning: If a is the next symbol in the input stream, for every state in S ( k ) of the form ( X α • a β, j ), add ( X α a • β, j ) to S ( k + 1 ).
If f: X Y morphism of pointed spaces, then every loop in X with base point x < sub > 0 </ sub > can be composed with f to yield a loop in Y with base point y < sub > 0 </ sub >.
Likewise, a functor from G to the category of vector spaces, Vect < sub > K </ sub >, is a linear representation of G. In general, a functor G C can be considered as an " action " of G on an object in the category C. If C is a group, then this action is a group homomorphism.
Tensor products: If C denotes the category of vector spaces over a fixed field, with linear maps as morphisms, then the tensor product defines a functor C × C C which is covariant in both arguments.
If f: A < sub > 1 </ sub > A < sub > 2 </ sub > and g: B < sub > 1 </ sub > B < sub > 2 </ sub > are morphisms in Ab, then the group homomorphism Hom ( f, g ): Hom ( A < sub > 2 </ sub >, B < sub > 1 </ sub >) Hom ( A < sub > 1 </ sub >, B < sub > 2 </ sub >) is given by φ g o φ o f. See Hom functor.
If f: X < sub > 1 </ sub > X < sub > 2 </ sub > and g: Y < sub > 1 </ sub > Y < sub > 2 </ sub > are morphisms in C, then the group homomorphism Hom ( f, g ): Hom ( X < sub > 2 </ sub >, Y < sub > 1 </ sub >) Hom ( X < sub > 1 </ sub >, Y < sub > 2 </ sub >) is given by φ g o φ o f.
If f: X Y is a continuous map, x < sub > 0 </ sub > ∈ X and y < sub > 0 </ sub > ∈ Y with f ( x < sub > 0 </ sub >) = y < sub > 0 </ sub >, then every loop in X with base point x < sub > 0 </ sub > can be composed with f to yield a loop in Y with base point y < sub > 0 </ sub >.
If K is a subset of ker ( f ) then there exists a unique homomorphism h: G / K H such that f = h φ.
If and are groups, a homomorphism from to is a function ƒ: such that
If f: M N is any function, then we have f id < sub > M </ sub >
If it does, however, it is unique in a strong sense: given any other inverse limit X ′ there exists a unique isomorphism X ′ X commuting with the projection maps.
If G and H are Lie groups, then a Lie-group homomorphism f: G H is a smooth group homomorphism.
If the lifetime of this transition, τ < sub > 21 </ sub > is much longer than the lifetime of the radiationless 3 2 transition τ < sub > 32 </ sub > ( if τ < sub > 21 </ sub > ≫ τ < sub > 32 </ sub >, known as a favourable lifetime ratio ), the population of the E < sub > 3 </ sub > will be essentially zero ( N < sub > 3 </ sub > ≈ 0 ) and a population of excited state atoms will accumulate in level 2 ( N < sub > 2 </ sub > > 0 ).
If R = Π < sub > i in I </ sub > R < sub > i </ sub > is a product of rings, then for every i in I we have a surjective ring homomorphism p < sub > i </ sub >: R R < sub > i </ sub > which projects the product on the i-th coordinate.
If φ: M N is a local diffeomorphism at x in M then dφ < sub > x </ sub >: T < sub > x </ sub > M T < sub > φ ( x )</ sub > N is a linear isomorphism.

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