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Viking raiders always had the option to fallback in the face of a superior force or stubborn defence and then reappear to attack other locations or retreat to their bases in what is now Sweden, Denmark, Norway and their Atlantic colonies.
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Viking and raiders
Similar small skirmishes with independent Viking raiders would have occurred for much of the period as they had for decades.
The system threatened Viking routes and communications making it far more dangerous for the Viking raiders.
If under the existing system he could not assemble forces quickly enough to intercept mobile Viking raiders, the obvious answer was to have a standing field force.
He was captured by Viking raiders in 1011 and killed by them the following year after refusing to allow himself to be ransomed.
Following a Viking raid in 994, a peace treaty was agreed with one of the raiders, Olaf Tryggvason.
In 877, shortly after building a new church for the Culdees at St Andrews, Causantín was captured and executed ( or perhaps killed in battle ) after defending against Viking raiders.
Under the Carolingians, the kingdom was ravaged by Viking raiders.
European countries with a weak system of government would be unable to organize a suitable response would naturally suffer the most to Viking raiders.
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, Viking raiders struck England in 793 and raided Lindisfarne, the monastery that held Saint Cuthbert ’ s relics.
The idea would then be that Vikings originally was a term for the peoples of this area, and secondarily assumed the meaning ' pirates, sea raiders ' because these peoples played a prominent role in the Viking raids.
In the 300 years from the late 8th century, when contemporary chroniclers first commented on the appearance of Viking raiders, to the end of the 11th century, Scandinavia underwent profound cultural changes.
In 991, the Battle of Maldon between Viking raiders and the inhabitants of the town of Maldon in Essex, England was commemorated with a poem of the same name.
Descended from Viking raiders, he had been Duke of Normandy since 1035 under the title of William II.
* March 28 – Paris is sacked by Viking raiders, probably under Ragnar Lodbrok, who collect a huge ransom in exchange for leaving.
The same year, Viking raiders attack the region and burn the mosques of Sevilla and Algesiras, they also sack the western coasts of Spain ( known as al-Sharq al-Andalus ) and the Balearic Islands.
* King Aethelred of England pays tribute to Viking raiders ( Danegeld ).
This invasion, as well as an incursion of Viking raiders, forced Otto III to led his army against the invaders in 992, during which he would suffer a crushing defeat.
* Last Viking raid on the Kingdom of England ; unsuccessful raiders flee to Flanders.
* Viking Irish raiders ally with Gruffydd ap Rhydderch of Gwent in raiding along the River Usk.
Wales was now coming under increasing attack by Viking raiders, particularly Danish raids in the period between 950 and 1000.
Charles, suffering what is believed to be epilepsy, could not secure the kingdom against Viking raiders, and after buying their withdrawal from Paris in 886 was perceived by the court as being cowardly and incompetent.
Folklore holds that lutefisk originated during the Viking pillages of Ireland, when St. Patrick sent men to feed spoiled fish to the Viking raiders.
Viking and always
With the growth of centralized authority in the Scandinavian region, Viking raids, always an expression of " private enterprise ", ceased and the raids became pure voyages of conquest.
Like the Book of Kells, if it was not always in Ireland it was taken there, perhaps by monks fleeing the Viking attacks on Britain, and was certainly at Durrow Abbey by 916.
In support of this, he cites the Viking Sagas, which state that the Viking discoverers of Iceland found it to be already inhabited, a fact that modern scholarship has always found puzzling.
Viking and had
Alfred successfully defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest, and by his death had become the dominant ruler in England.
King Athelstan of Kent and Ealdorman Ealhhere had defeated a Viking fleet in 851, capturing nine ships, and Alfred himself had conducted naval actions in 882.
Snorri especially quotes passages from Bragi's Ragnarsdrápa, a poem supposedly composed in honor of the famous legendary Viking Ragnar Lodbrók (' Hairy-breeches ') describing the images on a decorated shield which Ragnar had given to Bragi.
Viking activity in Britain increased in 865 when the Great Heathen Army, probably a part of the forces which had been active in Francia, landed in East Anglia.
Kenneth's son Constantine died in 876, probably killed fighting against a Viking army which had come north from Northumbria in 874.
It was first mentioned as " Ilfing " in The Voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan which was written in Anglo-Saxon in King Alfred's reign using information from a Viking who had visited the area.
Alfred the Great's victory at Edington in 878 stemmed the Danish attack ; however, by then Northumbria had devolved into Bernicia and a Viking kingdom, Mercia had been split down the middle, and East Anglia ceased to exist as an Anglo-Saxon polity.
The Åland Islands probably had Swedish settlement during the Viking Period.
By 1300, the Inuit and their language had reached western Greenland, and finally east Greenland roughly at the same time the Viking colony in southern Greenland disappeared.
The Viking shipbuilders had no written diagrams or standard written design plan.
Viking navigational techniques are not well understood, but historians postulate that the Vikings probably had some sort of primitive astrolabe and used the stars to plot their course.
The team also had an NFL Huddles mascot in the mid 1980s, ( somewhat similar to Viktor the Viking ).
In 1066, King Harald Hardråde of Norway invaded England, only to be defeated by Harold Godwinson, who in turn was defeated by William of Normandy, descendant of the Viking Rollo, who had accepted Normandy as a fief from the Frankish King.
Dublin Corporation controversially built them on what had been one of the world's best preserved Viking sites, at Wood Quay.
In exchange for his homage and fealty, Rollo legally gained the territory which he and his Viking allies had previously conquered.
By September 2007 the North Pole had been visited 66 times by different surface ships: 54 times by Soviet and Russian icebreakers, 4 times by Swedish Oden, 3 times by German RV Polarstern, 3 times by USCGC Healy and USCGC Polar Sea, and once by CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent and by Norwegian Vidar Viking.
Three Viking ships had beached in Portland Bay six years earlier, but that incursion may have been a trading expedition that went wrong rather than a piratical raid.
Godwinson was subsequently defeated within a month by another Viking descendant, William, Duke of Normandy ( Normandy had been conquered by Vikings ( Normans ) in 911 ).
Aided by the Great Heathen Army ( which had already overrun much of England from its base in Jorvik ), Bagsecg's forces, and Halfdan's forces ( through an alliance ), the combined Viking forces raided much of England until 871, when they planned an invasion of Wessex.
As a result, many of the Vikings returned to northern England, where Jorvic had become the centre of the Viking kingdom but Alfred of Wessex managed to keep them out of his country.
The received views of the Vikings as violent brutes or intrepid adventurers owe much to the modern Viking myth which had taken shape by the early 20th century.
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