Again the student of evolutionary biology will find a fascinating, if to our minds grotesque, anticipation of the theory of chance variations and the natural elimination of the unfit in Lucretius, who in turn seems to have borrowed the concept from the philosopher Empedocles.

But beginning, for all practical purposes, with Frederick Seebohm's English Village Community scholars have had to reckon with a theory involving institutional and agrarian continuity between Roman and Anglo-Saxon times which is completely at odds with the reigning concept of the Anglo-Saxon invasions.

* Musical argument, a concept in the theory of musical form

This text clarified the concept of an element as a substance that could not be broken down by any known method of chemical analysis, and presented Lavoisier's theory of the formation of chemical compounds from elements.

* abc conjecture, a concept in number theory

The report includes some of Whorf's influential contributions to linguistic theory, such as the concept of the allophone and of covert grammatical categories.

Bandwidth in hertz is a central concept in many fields, including electronics, information theory, digital communications, radio communications, signal processing, and spectroscopy.

Hume's Bundle theory is a very similar concept to the Buddhist skandhas, though his denial of causation lead him to opposite conclusions in other areas.

Naveh states, " The striking feature of the blitzkrieg concept is the complete absence of a coherent theory which should have served as the general cognitive basis for the actual conduct of operations ".

Using terms from formal language theory, the precise mathematical definition of this concept is as follows: Let S and T be two finite sets, called the source and target alphabets, respectively.

* Canonical anticommutation relation, a concept in quantum field theory

However it is important to note that the objects of a category need not be sets nor the arrows functions ; any way of formalising a mathematical concept such that it meets the basic conditions on the behaviour of objects and arrows is a valid category, and all the results of category theory will apply to it.

Although a " bijection " seems a more advanced concept than a number, the usual development of mathematics in terms of set theory defines functions before numbers, as they are based on much simpler sets.

The general concept of a chemical reaction has been extended to non-chemical reactions between entities smaller than atoms, including nuclear reactions, radioactive decays, and reactions between elementary particles as described by quantum field theory.

" However, in the case of the so-called Nilo-Hamitic languages ( a concept he introduced ), it was based on the typological feature of gender and a " fallacious theory of language mixture.

With the publication of Darwin's theory of evolution in 1859, the concept of a " natural system " of taxonomy gained a theoretical basis, and the idea was born that groups used in a system of classification should represent branches on the evolutionary tree of life.

The term " concept " is traced back to 1554 – 60 ( Latin conceptum-" something conceived "), but what is today termed " the classical theory of concepts " is the theory of Aristotle on the definition of terms.

This version of " critical " theory derives from Kant's ( 18th-century ) and Marx's ( 19th Century ) use of the term " critique ", as in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and Marx's concept that his work Das Kapital ( Capital ) forms a " critique of political economy.

These coordinates are a very special example of a more general concept of local coordinates from the theory of differential forms.

* Conditioning ( probability ), a concept in probability theory

Another important source was Lucien Séve's theory of personality, which provided the concept of " social activity matrices " as mediating structure between individual and social reproduction.

* Cartesian closed category, a concept in category theory

The related concept of " standard " numbers, which can only be defined within a finite time and space, is used to motivate axiomatic internal set theory, and provide a workable formulation for illimited and infinitesimal number.

Some consider that naming the concept " Kolmogorov complexity " is an example of the Matthew effect.

Limiting results are not statements about finite samples, and indeed are irrelevant to finite samples .< ref > Kolmogorov ( 1963a ) ( Page 369 ): " The frequency concept,

Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov proposed the first statistical theory of turbulence, based on the aforementioned notion of the energy cascade ( an idea originally introduced by Richardson ) and the concept of self-similarity.

It differs from the related concept of Kolmogorov complexity in that it does not require use of a Turing-complete language to model data.

Algorithmic probability is closely related to the concept of Kolmogorov complexity.

This work on digital physics also led to limit-computable generalizations of algorithmic information or Kolmogorov complexity and the concept of Super Omegas, which are limit-computable numbers that are even more random ( in a certain sense ) than Gregory Chaitin ´ s number of wisdom Omega.

This work on digital physics also led to limit-computable generalizations of algorithmic information or Kolmogorov complexity and the concept of Super Omegas, which are limit-computable numbers that are even more random ( in a certain sense ) than Gregory Chaitin's number of wisdom Omega.

The concept was first introduced by John von Neumann and Andrey Kolmogorov in 1935.

This concept is an extension of Teilhard's Law of Complexity / Consciousness, the law describing the nature of evolution in the universe.

Amongst the candidates suggested for having coined the term are the composer Nigel Osborne, the Belgian musicologist Harry Halbreich, and the British / Australian musicologist Richard Toop, who gave currency to the concept of a movement with his article " Four Facets of the New Complexity ".

The Observatory of Economic Complexity, a joint venture with Harvard HKS / CID, has been developing the concept of Economic Complexity, proposed as an alternative economic measure.

Complexity theory, an offshoot of chaos mathematics theory, explored by Stuart Kauffman in his books " At Home in the Universe " and " Redefining the Sacred " cover the concept of statistical modeling of sociological evolutions.

The concept of economic complexity index, introduced by the Harvard economist Ricardo Hausmann and the MIT physicist Cesar Hidalgo, has been further developed at the Harvard-MIT Observatory of Economic Complexity, has been devised as a predictive tool for economic growth.

This concept was originally proposed by M. Gereb-Graus in " Complexity of learning from one-side examples ", Technical Report TR-20-89, Harvard University Division of Engineering and Applied Science, 1989.

A concept of responsibility is in process of articulation and establishment.

National responsibility for individual welfare is a concept not limited to the United States or even to the Western nations.

Recognizing that the Rule of Law is `` a dynamic concept which should be employed not only to safeguard the civil and political rights of the individual in a free society '', the Congress asserted that it also included the responsibility `` to establish social, economic, educational and cultural conditions under which his legitimate aspirations and dignity may be realized ''.

Whether a concept analogous to the principle of internal responsibility operates in a nation's external relations is less obvious and more difficult to establish.

) The concept of nationalism is the political principle that epitomizes and glorifies the territorial state as the characteristic type of socal structure.

Historically, however, the concept is one that has been of marked benefit to the people of the Western civilizational group.

But it is more than irony: one of the main reasons why nationalism is no longer a tenable concept is because it has spread throughout the planet.

It is interesting, however, that despite this strong upsurge in Southern writing, almost none of the writers has forsaken the firmly entrenched concept of the white-suited big-daddy colonel sipping a mint julep as he silently recounts the revenue from the season's cotton and tobacco crops ; ;

A broader concept of imitation is needed, one which acknowledges that true invention is important, that the artist's creativity in part transcends the non-artistic causal factors out of which it arises.

Who will deny that in a vast portion of the South the Federal action is incompatible with the Jeffersonian concept of `` the consent of the governed ''??

For it is their catastrophic concept of the Anglo-Saxon invasions rather than Kemble's gradualist approach which dominates the field.

It is ironic that Washington is having to struggle so for a concept that for six years it bypassed as unreasonable.

The concept of labor as a special class is outmoded, and in the task confronting America as bastion of the free world, labor must learn to put the national interest first if it is itself to survive.

The most fundamental concept of the new approach to economic aid is the focusing of our attention, our resources, and our energies on the effort to promote the economic and social development of the less developed countries.

While it is easy enough to ridicule Hawkins' pronouncement in Pleas Of The Crown from a metaphysical point of view, the concept of the `` oneness '' of a married couple may reflect an abiding belief that the communion between husband and wife is such that their actions are not always to be regarded by the criminal law as if there were no marriage.

That we had the wit and wisdom to adopt Mr. Lowell's concept and make it the base for our processes of selection is one reason why our selections have been, it may be said truly, pretty uniformly good.

It is this sort of experience that makes the concept of high fidelity of real musical significance for the home music listener.

The concept of trans-illumination ( as shown by the photo on p. 92 ), as just one example, offers an entirely new approach to lighting problems -- no matter what industry is involved.