The curve on the card the computer spat back at him couldn't be argued with, however.

Whorf argued that it was exactly the reluctance to apply linguistic analysis of Maya languages that had held the decipherment back.

James P. Jordan argued for the importance of Anglicanism to Linebarger's works back to 1949.

Robert Graves ( relying on the work of Georges Dumezil argued for tracing the centaurs back to the Indian gandharva ), speculated that the centaurs were a dimly remembered, pre-Hellenic fraternal earth cult who had the horse as a totem.

Having noted the current use of many, often contradictory, definitions of feudalism, she argued that the word is only a construct with no basis in medieval reality, an invention of modern historians read back " tyrannically " into the historical record.

It has also been argued that International English is held back by its traditional spelling.

Hoping to see the revolution spread to Germany, in 1848 Marx moved back to Cologne ( Köln ) where he began issuing a handbill entitled the Demands of the Communist Party in Germany, in which he argued for only four of the ten points of the Communist Manifesto, believing that in Germany at that time, the bourgeoisie must overthrow the feudal monarchy and aristocracy before the proletariat could overthrow the bourgeoisie.

Geographer K. E. Barber has argued against this hypothesis, saying that pools at Lindow Moss would have been too shallow, and suggests that the peat may have been peeled back to allow the burial and then replaced, leaving the stratigraphy apparently undisturbed.

While Machiavelli's approach had classical precedents, it has been argued that it did more than just bring back old ideas, and that Machiavelli was not a typical humanist.

Some historians have argued that the notion that Peter was the first bishop of Rome and founded the episcopal see there can be traced back no earlier than the 3rd century.

He argued that in " the last 100 years, only a few organisations have dominated the music world and ripped off both fans and creators " and that " with the internet we are going back to having tribal attitudes towards music.

Lilburne also harked back in his writing to the notion of a Norman yoke that has been imposed on the English people and to some extent argued that the English were simply seeking to reclaim those rights they had enjoyed before the Conquest.

Max von Laue argued in 1913 that since the traveling twin must be in two separate inertial frames, one on the way out and another on the way back, this frame switch is the reason for the aging difference, not the acceleration per se.

Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, had argued that colonies were redundant, and that free trade should replace the old mercantilist policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion, dating back to the protectionism of Spain and Portugal.

In response, another physicist named Joseph Polchinski sent them a letter in which he argued that one could avoid questions of free will by considering a potentially paradoxical situation involving a billiard ball sent through a wormhole which sends it back in time.

Supporters of Jewish resettlement within Hebron see their program as the reclamation of an important heritage dating back to Biblical times, which was dispersed or, it is argued, stolen by Arabs after the massacre of 1929.

He argued that it was this economic trade agreement dating back to the 16th century that led to Africa being underdeveloped in his own time.

The other school follows the teaching of Richard Armstrong, who argued that the continents grew to their present volume in the first 500 million years of Earth history and have maintained a near-constant ever since: throughout most of Earth history, recycling of continental material crust back to the mantle in subduction or collision zones balances crustal growth.

Rivalry between academic opinion at LSE and Cambridge goes back to the School's roots when LSE's Edwin Cannan ( 1861 – 1935 ), Professor of Economics, and Cambridge's Professor of Political Economy, Alfred Marshall ( 1842 – 1924 ), the leading economist of the day, argued about the bedrock matter of economics and whether the subject should be considered as an organic whole.

Wells, in a personal letter to Joyce, argued that " you have turned your back on common men, on their elementary needs and their restricted time and intelligence [...] I ask: who the hell is this Joyce who demands so many waking hours of the few thousands I have still to live for a proper appreciation of his quirks and fancies and flashes of rendering?

In a 1994 report Right Woos Left, published by the Political Research Associates, investigative journalist Chip Berlet argued that right-wing populist conspiracy theories about the Bilderberg group date back as early as 1964 and can be found in Schlafly's self-published book A Choice, Not an Echo, which promoted a conspiracy theory in which the Republican Party was secretly controlled by elitist intellectuals dominated by members of the Bilderberger group, whose internationalist policies would pave the way for world communism.

He argued that if the soldiers were endangered by the mob, which he called " a motley rabble of saucy boys, negroes, and molattoes, Irish teagues and outlandish jack tarrs sailors ", they had the legal right to fight back, and so were innocent.

Many of the American players believed the Europeans ' response was hypocritical ; they argued that European players – in particular Seve Ballesteros – had been guilty of excessive celebration and gamesmanship as far back as the 1985 Ryder Cup Matches, without attracting the same opprobrium from the European media.

The Umatilla argued that their oral history goes back 10, 000 years and say that their people have been present on their historical territory since the dawn of time, so a government holding that Kennewick Man is not Native American is tantamount to the government's rejection of their religious beliefs.

The paper is now known for printing the first English version of Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto in its December 30, 1871 edition, and the paper " argued the cause of labor with eloquence and skill.

( Verdi biographer Mary Jane Phillips-Matz has argued that the scenario was actually written by Temistocle Solera ..) Aida was first performed at the Khedivial Opera House in Cairo on 24 December 1871, conducted by Giovanni Bottesini.

For Marxists, socialism or, as Marx termed it, the first phase of communist society, can be viewed as a transitional stage characterized by common or state ownership of the means of production under democratic workers ' control and management, which Engels argued was beginning to be realised in the Paris Commune of 1871, before it was overthrown.

Thus, and although it seems that this has never been generally recognized, it can be argued that there was throughout the United Kingdom a construction of war memorials with reference to the concept of peace ( e. g. West Hartlepool War Memorial in what is now known as Hartlepool ( previously West Hartlepool ) with the inscription ' Thine O Lord is the Victory ' relating to amongs other architecture the 1871 Royal Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences with a frieze including the same words and concluding ' Glory be to God on high and on earth peace ').

Goerdeler's critics are offended by his suggestion that German Jews whose ancestors had not lived within the borders of the German Empire before July 1, 1871 should not be considered German citizens, whereas Goerdeler's defenders such as the Canadian historian Peter Hoffmann have argued that Goerdeler was trying to present the Nazi regime with an alternative to genocide.

Others have argued the depression was rooted in the 1870 Franco-Prussian War that hurt the French economy and, under the Treaty of Frankfurt ( 1871 ), forced that country to make large war reparations payments to Germany.

According to the historiography by Kocka ( 1988 ), the process of nation-building from above especially during the period of the German Empire ( 1871 – 1918 ), in the following Weimar era, had very grievous long-term implications, historians have argued.

It is rooted in the reformist teachings of Harada Daiun Sogaku ( 1871 – 1961 ) and his disciple Yasutani Hakuun ( 1885 – 1971 ), who argued that the existing Zen institutions of Japan ( Sōtō and Rinzai sects ) had become complacent and were generally unable to convey real Dharma.

In his work The Descent of Man ( 1871 ) Charles Darwin and some of his supporters argued for the monogenesis of the human species, seeing the common origin of all humans as essential for evolutionary theory.

Phillips argued the constitutionality of the 1871 Enforcement Act and advocated upholding a conviction of several Ku Klux Klan members who assaulted a black man for voting in a congressional election.

Because the size of the object did not affect his patient ’ s ability to perceive an item, Bálint argued that his patient did not have a narrowing of the sensory field.

In such cases, he argued, there is no fixed boundary that can be used to provide a definition.

In one response to Gettier, the American philosopher Richard Kirkham has argued that the only definition of knowledge that could ever be immune to all counterexamples is the infallibilist one.

However, it is argued that this approach fails to properly define euthanasia, as it leaves open a number of possible actions which would meet the requirements of the definition, but would not be seen as euthanasia.

Draper argued that any definition of euthanasia must incorporate four elements: an agent and a subject ; an intention ; a causal proximity, such that the actions of the agent lead to the outcome ; and an outcome.

" Although the EPAC Ethics Task Force argued that both non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia could not be included in the definition of euthanasia, there is discussion in the literature about excluding one but not the other.

None of the bishops who had argued that proclaiming the definition was inopportune refused to accept it.

For example, if one takes the definition of God to be described fully from the Bible, then the claims of what properties God has described therein might be argued to lead to a contradiction.

In the essay What is it like to be a bat ?, Thomas Nagel famously argued that explaining subjective experience — the " what it is like " to be something — is currently beyond the reach of scientific inquiry, because scientific understanding by definition requires an objective perspective, which, according to Nagel, is diametrically opposed to the subjective first-person point of view.

Linguist A. C. Hinderliter argued that " Including some sexual interests — but not others — in the DSM creates a fundamental asymmetry and communicates a negative value judgment against the sexual interests included ," and leaves the paraphilias in a situation similar to ego-dystonic homosexuality, which was removed from the DSM because it did not meet the DSM's definition of mental disorder.

Critics, including practitioners in the physical sciences and social activists, have argued that such definition and quantification is impossibly difficult, and that such measurements are often misused, such as with psychometric personality tests used in employment procedures:

Because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that " it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition.

However, many scholars have argued that this definition is highly problematic as many NGOs are in fact state and corporate funded and managed projects with professional staff.

For example, it is difficult to get a precise definition of the Copenhagen interpretation as it was developed and argued about by many people.

It could therefore be argued that a key problem that evaluators face is the lack of a clear definition of evaluation, which may " underline why program evaluation is periodically called into question as an original process, whose primary function is the production of legitimate and justified judgments which serve as the bases for relevant recommendations.

It may be argued that the historical tendency of power holders in all times and places to limit the activities of market actors combined with the natural impossibility of monitoring and constraining all market actors has resulted in the fact that, as we understand a " mixed economy " being a combination of governmental enterprise and free-enterprise, nearly every economy to develop in human history meets this definition ; though some systems may be so close to being completely one way or the other that to call them mixed is redundant and it is more meaningful just to call them a free market economy or a command economy.

He went on to argue that the A-series was needed for anything deserving the name " time ", since he argued that only the A-series can allow for genuine change, and he considered change to be an essential part of any reasonable definition of time.

Fox appealed the decision stating that under Florida law, a whistleblower can only act if " a law, rule, or regulation ”" has been broken and argued that the FCC's news distortion policy did not fit that definition.

The definition of black humor is problematic ; it has been argued that it corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor.

Paterson Brown, for example, has argued forcefully that the three Coptic Gospels of Thomas, Philip and Truth are demonstrably not Gnostic writings, since all three explicitly affirm the basic reality and sanctity of incarnate life, which Gnosticism by definition considers illusory and evil: ' Are the Coptic Gospels Gnostic?

Being, he argued, by definition implies eternality, while only that which is can be thought ; a thing which is, moreover, cannot be more or less, and so the rarefaction and condensation of the Melisians is impossible regarding Being ; lastly, as movement requires that something exist apart from the thing moving ( viz.

Skeat argued that there are as many as ten forms of the poem, but only three are to be considered authoritative — the A, B, and C-texts — although the definition of " authoritative " in this context is problematic.

He argued that anarchism must be nonviolent since it is, by definition, opposition to coercion and force, and that since the state is inherently violent, meaningful pacifism must likewise be anarchistic.

Several philosophers and historians of science have, however, argued that Popper's definition of theory as a set of falsifiable statements is wrong because, as Philip Kitcher has pointed out, if one took a strictly Popperian view of " theory ", observations of Uranus when first discovered in 1781 would have " falsified " Newton's celestial mechanics.

Paterson Brown has argued forcefully that the three Nag Hammadi Gospels of Thomas, Philip and Truth cannot be so labeled, since each explicitly affirms the basic reality and sanctity of incarnate life, which Gnosticism by definition considers illusory or evil: ' Are the Coptic Gospels Gnostic?