Audio processing was necessary for early radio broadcasting, as there were many problems with studio to transmitter links.

MPEG-1 Audio Layer 2 encoding was derived from the MUSICAM ( Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing ) audio codec, developed by Centre commun d ' études de télévision et télécommunications ( CCETT ), Philips, and Institut für Rundfunktechnik ( IRT ) in 1989 as part of the EUREKA 147 pan-European inter-governmental research and development initiative for the development of a system for the broadcasting of audio and data to fixed, portable or mobile receivers ( established in 1987 ).

Audio broadcasting also can be done via cable radio, local wire television networks, satellite radio, and internet radio via streaming media on the Internet.

While most other countries abandoned VHF due to its poor suitability for TV broadcasting and allocation for Digital Audio Broadcasting, the FCC chose to cut high-UHF channels instead, because frequency-use rights could be auctioned for a greater price.

In 1985, TV station WGBH, the Boston, Massachusetts, member of the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ), began investigating uses for the new technology of stereophonic television broadcasting, particularly multichannel television sound ( MTS ), which allowed for a third audio channel, called the Secondary Audio Program ( SAP ).

Online broadcasting in Windows Media Video / Windows Media Audio of 3 channels.

B. Robinson Music Library ; Mixon Hall, a 250-seat, state-of-the-art recital hall that also includes the Robert and Jean Conrad Audio Control Room for high-tech broadcasting ; the Fred A. Lennon Education Building which includes new practice rooms, teaching studios and a student lounge ; Kulas Center for International Education ( Distance Learning Studio ) and administrative space.

Audio and video encoded with many codecs might be put into an AVI container, although AVI is not an ISO standard.

The dye materials developed by Taiyo Yuden made it possible for CD-R discs to be compatible with Audio CD and CD-ROM discs.

* Audio: 500 Hz, 1 kHz, and 1. 5 kHz tones ( can be modulated quickly to produce different tones )

Audio equipment must be able to reproduce frequencies high enough and low enough to be realistic.

* Audio can often be compressed at 10: 1 with imperceptible loss of quality

Audio effects units that are frequently used in stage and recording, such as reverbs, delays and choruses, can be remotely adjusted via MIDI signals.

MPEG-3 is not to be confused with MP3, which is MPEG-1 Audio Layer III.

Audio may be output using two methods.

* Steganophony-the concealment of messages in Voice-over-IP conversations, e. g. the employment of delayed or corrupted packets that would normally be ignored by the receiver ( this method is called LACK-Lost Audio Packets Steganography ), or, alternatively, hiding information in unused header fields.

* Audio: 3 square wave generators, 1 noise generator, the system has a mono speaker, but stereo sound can be had via headphone output

The film itself has been widely sampled: Punk band Big Audio Dynamite used an audio clip from the movie in its song " Medicine Show "; the audio was taken from the scene in which a judge, after reading a long list of criminal charges, sentences Tuco to be " hanged from the neck until dead.

Audio can be propagated by modulated ultrasound.

The user interface ( UI ) for Audio Compression Manager may be accessed through various programs that use it, including Sound Recorder in some versions of Windows.

To record WAV files to an Audio CD the file headers must be stripped and the remaining PCM data written directly to the disc as individual tracks with zero-padding added to match the CD's sector size.

Frequencies up to 100 kHz may sometimes be classified as Audio.

Audio CDs can be ripped as WMA or WMA 10 Pro ( WMA 10 Pro in WMP 11 and later ) at 48, 64, 96, 128, 160 and 192 kbit / s, WMA lossless ( 470 to 940 kbit / s ) ( 9 Series on XP and later ), WMA variable bitrate ( from 40-75 kbit / s up to 240-355 kbit / s ), MP3 at 128, 192, 256 and 320 kbit / s, or uncompressed WAV ( WAV ripping in WMP 11 and later ).

Audio can be ripped using error correction and ripped audio can be protected with Windows Media DRM.

Sony had originally intended for Digital Audio Tape ( DAT ) to be the dominant home digital audio recording format, replacing the analog cassette.

Audio cannot be recorded on a VHS tape without recording a video signal, even in the audio dubbing mode.

Audio can be stored in either of two forms: 16-bit Linear PCM stereo at 48 kHz sampling rate ( 768 kbit / s per channel, 1. 5 Mbit / s stereo ), or four nonlinear 12-bit PCM channels at 32 kHz sampling rate ( 384 kbit / s per channel, 1. 5 MBit / s for four channels ).

DIF blocks are the basic units of DV streams and can be stored as computer files in raw form or wrapped in such file formats as Audio Video Interleave ( AVI ), QuickTime ( QT ) and Material Exchange Format ( MXF ).

DV Audio / Video data can be stored as raw DV data stream file ( data is written to a file as the data is received over FireWire, file extensions are. dv and. dif ) or the DV data can be packed into container files ( ex: Microsoft AVI, Apple MOV ).

* flac – File format for the Free Lossless Audio Codec, a lossless compression codec.

* WikiRecording's Guide to Audio File Formats for Recording

* Audio description, a narration track for blind and visually impaired viewers of media such as TV and film

Thirty years later, on March 6, 2009, Philips received an IEEE Milestone award with the following citation: " On 8 March 1979, N. V. Philips ' Gloeilampenfabrieken demonstrated for the international press a Compact Disc Audio Player.

* Digital Data Storage, a format for storing computer data on Digital Audio Tape cartridges

Audio codecs for cell phones need to have very low latency between source encoding and playback.

* Audio / Visual Tutorials for Vergil's Hexameter, by Dale Grote, UNC Charlotte.

The X initial has been carried forward in the naming of APIs designed for the Xbox such as XInput and the Cross-platform Audio Creation Tool ( XACT ), while the DirectX pattern has been continued for Windows APIs such as Direct2D and DirectWrite.

Boss Audio class-D mono car audio amplifier with a low pass filter for powering subwoofer s

When the music is stored in an audio file format that is lossless such as FLAC, Monkey's Audio or WMA Lossless, the computer playback of recorded audio can serve as an audiophile-quality source for a hi-fi system.

A few services not essential for server environments are disabled by default for stability reasons, most noticeable are the " Windows Audio " and " Themes " services ; Users have to enable them manually to get sound or the " Luna " look as per Windows XP.

Audio was not neglected either, having recruited Nine Inch Nails frontman Trent Reznor to facilitate unique sound-effects and ambient music for the game.

In 2006, the Interactive Audio Lab at Northwestern University released a game called Karaoke Callout for the Nokia Series 60 phone.

Audio control surfaces often resemble mixing consoles in appearance, and enable a level of hands-on control for changing parameters such as sound levels and effects applied to individual tracks of a multitrack recording or live performance output.

The Open Sound Control ( OSC ) protocol was developed at the Center for New Music and Audio Technologies ( CNMAT ) of the University of California, Berkely, and is supported by software programs such as Reaktor, Max / MSP and Csound, and some newer hardware controllers, including the Lemur Input Device.

Proposed physical layer transports include Ethernet-based protocols such as Audio Video Bridging and Architecture for Control Networks.

These sampling rates are exactly half that of those originally defined for MPEG-1 Audio.

MPEG-2 part 3 also defined additional bit rates and sample rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III.

; Part 3: Audio – compression codec for perceptual coding of audio signals.