In 2005, Clipperton's ecosystem was extensively studied for four months by a scientific mission organized by Jean-Louis Étienne, which made a complete inventory of mineral, plant, and animal species found on the atoll, studied algae as deep as 100 m ( 330 ft ) below sea level, and examined the effects of pollution on the island.

Georges Cuvier came to believe that most if not all the animal fossils he examined were remains of species that were now extinct.

This allowed him to conclude "... it is probable indeed, that the scotch mineral is a new species of earth which has not hitherto been sufficiently examined.

While only a small proportion of all species has been examined, 95 % of those plant families are predominantly mycorrhizal.

Biologists can determine and then compare mtDNA sequences among different species and use the comparisons to build an evolutionary tree for the species examined.

Cuvier came to believe that most if not all the animal fossils he examined were remains of species that were now extinct.

* liquid crystal phase transitions have been examined in confined geometries and / or during flow using the Gay-Berne potential which describes anisotropic species ;

For nearly 30 years Ehrenberg examined samples of water, soil, sediment, blowing dust and rock and described thousands of new species, among them well-known flagellates such as Euglena, ciliates such as Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum, and many fossils, in nearly 400 scientific publications.

Heilmann examined hatchlings of many other bird species, both closely related to those studied by Beebe and belonging to more primitive species, in hope of finding additional evidence for the leg-wings which Beebe had documented.

Scientists incubated Common Cuckoo eggs for 24 hours at the bird's body temperature of, and examined the embryos, which were found " much more advanced " than those of other species studied.

A 2004 draft biological assessment, commissioned by three of the largest commercial shellfish companies in the Puget Sound region, examined the impacts of geoduck farming and identified no long term effects on threatened or endangered species.

However, these three species are not morphologically distinct and overlap in all examined morphological characters.

This form was once thought to form a ring species around the Tibetan Plateau, with gene flow throughout the subspecies, but this theory was abandoned when sequences of mitochondrial DNA were examined, finding that the four groups were distinct ( monophyletic ) and that the hybridisation zones between the groups were the result of secondary contact after a temporary period of isolation.

A recent study examined 94 living species of reptiles, birds and mammals and found that the genetic control of sex appears to be crucial to live birth and that genetics likely controlled gender in ichthyosaurs, mosasaurs and other extinct marine reptiles.

Another study, which examined the effects of predators – including the Eurasian Sparrowhawk and introduced Grey Squirrel – on UK passerine populations, found that " whilst a small number of associations may suggest significant negative effects between predator and prey species, for the majority of the songbird species examined there is no evidence that increases in common avian predators or Grey Squirrels are associated with large-scale population declines.

In Simpson's & Galbraith's work, the mean temperature of the female was higher than that of the male in all the species examined whose sex had been determined.

He found that species of the same class showed very similar temperature values, those from the Amphibia examined being 38. 5 ° C, Fish 39 ° C, Reptilia 45 ° C, and various Molluscs 46 ° C.

It is necessary to make a small alteration to the rotational constant of the chemical species being examined, in order to compensate for the higher mass entailed by the quantum solvation shell.

A wintering Yellow Warbler examined near Turbo, Colombia was not infected with blood parasites, unlike other species in the study.

The skull remained unstudied until 1956 when Francis Fraser examined it and concluded that it was similar to species in both the Lagenorhynchus and Delphinus genera but not the same as either.

All modern amphibians are included in the subclass Lissamphibia, superorder Salientia, which is usually considered a clade, a group of species that have evolved from a common ancestor.

* Atlas Cedar, a cedar tree sometimes included in Cedrus libani, sometimes treated as species C. atlantica

* Atlas Flycatcher ( Ficedula speculigera ), a songbird species sometimes included in the Eurasian Pied Flycatcher

Although the family ( Amaranthaceae ) is distinctive, the genus has few distinguishing characters among the 70 species included.

# Piroplasms where all the species included are two-host parasites infecting ticks and vertebrates.

Other common names for the blue whale have included Sibbald's rorqual ( after Sibbald, who first described the species ), the great blue whale and the great northern rorqual.

Each protected species or population is included in one of three lists, called Appendices ( explained below ).

; Lists of species included in Appendices I, II and III ( i. e. species protected by CITES )

Often the species of mafic minerals is included in the name, for instance, hornblende-bearing granite, pyroxene tonalite or augite megacrystic monzonite, because the term " granite " already assumes content with feldspar and quartz.

It was the only modern species in the genus Pinguinus, a group of birds that formerly included one other species of flightless giant auk from the Atlantic Ocean region.

When the colonies included other species of alcid, the Great Auks were dominant due to their size.

Their analysis included both species.

Their analysis included all four species, with M. auratus and M. raddei forming one subclade and M. brandti and M. newtoni another.

In addition, some species included are only remotely related to one another, with some more related to vertebrates than other invertebrates.

Ancient DNA studies have shown that in prehuman times the distribution of this species included the east coast of the South Island.

More than 150 species of grasses and trees are included in 1500 entries of Man ' yōshū.

The orangutans are also the only surviving species of the subfamily Ponginae, which also included several other species like Gigantopithecus, the largest known primate.

Opinions differ whether the species P. aethiopicus, P. boisei and P. robustus should be included within the genus Australopithecus.

Up until the last half-decade, the majority of the scientific community included all the species of both Australopithecus and Paranthropus in a single genus.

All methods depend upon an implicit or explicit mathematical model describing the evolution of characters observed in the species included ; all can be, and are, used for molecular data, wherein the characters are aligned nucleotide or amino acid sequences, and all but maximum likelihood ( see below ) can be, and are, used for morphological data.

A total of 415 animal species have been included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation as of 1997 and are now protected.

The range of evolutionary theories during " the eclipse of Darwinism " included forms of " saltationism " in which new species were thought to arise through " jumps " rather than gradual adaptation, forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction, and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress.