For instance, David Ricardo theorized that prices are determined by the amount of labor but found exceptions for which the labor theory could not account.

" Adam Smith theorized that the labor theory of value holds true only in the " early and rude state of society " but not in a modern economy where owners of capital are compensated by profit.

In the 19th century, Benjamin Tucker in the United States theorized free-market anarchism: " defense is a service like any other service ; that it is labor both useful and desired, and therefore an economic commodity subject to the law of supply and demand ; that in a free market this commodity would be furnished at the cost of production ; that, competition prevailing, patronage would go to those who furnished the best article at the lowest price ; that the production and sale of this commodity are now monopolized by the State ; and that the State, like almost all monopolists, charges exorbitant prices.

He theorized and observed that people trading in open markets leads to production of the right quantities of commodities, division of labor, increasing wages, and an upward spiral of economic growth.

Because no national economy in existence fully manifests the ideal of a free market as theorized by economists, some critics of the concept consider it to be a fantasy – outside of the bounds of reality in a complex system with opposing interests and different distributions of wealth.

Hobson theorized that state intervention through taxation could boost broader consumption, create wealth, and encourage a peaceful multilateral world order.

This approach was first theorized at the height of colonialism in Victorian England by Herbert Spencer who applied a notion of adaptation he borrowed from Francis Galton to social adjustment and efficient outcomes in wealth production.

Political freedom has also been theorized in its opposition to ( and a condition of ) " power relations ", or the power of " action upon actions ," by Michel Foucault.

George R. Stewart theorized, in his book Names on the Globe, that Hellespont originally meant something like " narrow Pontus " or " entrance to Pontus ," " Pontus " being an ancient name for the region around the Black Sea, and by extension, for the sea itself.

In " The Bishops as Pawns ," D ' Souza theorized that U. S. Catholic bishops were being manipulated by American liberals in agreeing to oppose the U. S. military buildup and use of power abroad and actually knew very little about these subjects to which they were lending their religious credibility, writing:

Many political analysts have theorized that the Party, which has received very few votes in recent California elections, maintains its state ballot status because people join the Party mistakenly believing that they are registering as an " independent ," also known as a " non-partisan " or " decline-to-state " voter.

Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire ( 1772 – 1884 ) theorized this in 1795 as the " unity of organic composition ," the influence of which is perceptible in all his subsequent writings ; nature, he observed, presents us with only one plan of construction, the same in principle, but varied in its accessory parts.

Tylor also theorized about the origins of religious beliefs in human beings, proposing a theory of animism as the earliest stage, and noting that " religion " has many components, of which he believed the most important to be belief in supernatural beings ( as opposed to moral systems, cosmology, etc .).

( Thomas Sanchez and others thus theorized a doctrine of mental reservation, which developed into its own branch of casuistry.

Miguel Alcubierre theorized that it would be possible to create an Alcubierre drive, in which a ship would be enclosed in a " warp bubble " where the space at the front of the bubble is rapidly contracting and the space at the back is rapidly expanding, with the result that the bubble can reach a distant destination much faster than a light beam moving outside the bubble, but without objects inside the bubble locally traveling faster than light.

Using uniformitarianism, which states that one cannot make an appeal to any force or phenomenon which cannot presently be observed ( see catastrophism ), Darwin theorized that the evolutionary process must occur gradually, not in saltations, since saltations are not presently observed, and extreme deviations from the usual phenotypic variation would be more likely to be selected against.

Meanwhile, religious scholar Max Müller theorized that religion began in hedonism and folklorist Wilhelm Mannhardt suggested that religion began in " naturalism ", by which he meant mythological explanation of natural events.

He theorized a heritable component in altruism and developed Genetic Similarity Theory, which is an extension of W. D. Hamilton's theory of kin selection.

File: Christiaan Huygens-painting. jpeg | Christiaan Huygens ( 1629-1695 ): studied the rings of Saturn and discovered its moon Titan, invented the pendulum clock, studied optics and centrifugal force, theorized that light consists of waves ( Huygens – Fresnel principle ) which became instrumental in the understanding of wave-particle duality.

File: Niels Bohr. jpg | Niels Bohr ( 1885-1962 ): used quantum mechanical model ( known as the Bohr model ) of the atom which theorized that electrons travel in discrete orbits around the nucleus, showed how electron energy levels are related to spectral lines, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.

In the early 15th century, Italian architect Leon Battista Alberti wrote a treatise entitled De Re aedificatoria which theorized methods of building fortifications capable of withstanding the new guns.

The Just-world phenomenon is the belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get, which was first theorized by Melvin Lerner ( 1977 ).

In the Marvel Comics Universe, vibranium is a rare, naturally occurring metallic substance theorized to be of extraterrestrial origin which exists in two forms:

Some have now theorized that media outlets helped spread new ideas, which was considered radical.

This can be contrasted with current conceptions in quantum physics, where the Planck length, an almost unimaginably tiny quantity, represents reaching that distance scale where, it has been theorized, all measurement seemingly breaks down to that which can be subsumed at this scale, as distance only, or extension.

" Foucault traces the role of discourses in wider social processes of legitimating and power, emphasizing the construction of current truths, how they are maintained and what power relations they carry with them .” Foucault later theorized that discourse is a medium through which power relations produce speaking subjects.

By doing this, as well as by making city streets interesting, she theorized a continuous animation of social actions during an average city day, which would keep city streets interesting and well occupied throughout a 24 hour period.

Some have even theorized that Hagbard Celine is, in fact, Captain Nemo, but that seems physically impossible, or at least very unlikely, as Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea is set in the second half of the nineteenth century, which would make Hagbard Celine, if the same character and person as Nemo, over a hundred years old.

However, the production of a muon / antimuon bound state, which is an onium, has been theorized.

On the show, the recipe for the green slime was treated as a closely guarded secret, with attempts by the kids to find out the true recipe all being unsuccessful ( in one episode, Ross ( Les Lye ) even went so far as to decoy the kids with a fake recipe ), although some episodes posited revolting theories as to what the slime was really made of-one 1989 episode which dealt with smoking, for example, theorized that slime was mucus from smokers ' lungs.

The island of stability in nuclear physics describes a set of as-yet undiscovered isotopes of transuranium elements which are theorized to be much more stable than others.

May ' 68 and its aftermaths saw the occupation of the LIP factory in Besançon, one of the major social conflict of the 1970s, during which the CFDT and the Unified Socialist Party, of which Pierre Mendès-France was a member, theorized workers ' self-management.

English historian James Emerson Tennent also theorized Galle, a southern city in Sri Lanka, was the ancient seaport of Tarshish from which King Solomon is said to have drawn ivory, peacocks and other valuables.

It has been theorized that Sif was once conceived in the form of a rowan to which Thor clung.

It is theorized that during this trip, he may have initially told Saeed and Hamza al-Ghamdi about the operation.

While some have theorized that unusual local magnetic anomalies may exist in the area, such anomalies have not been found.

Skeat “… in at least three cases and probably in all, in the form of codices " and he theorized that this form of notebook was invented in Rome and then “… must have spread rapidly to the Near East …” In his discussion of one of the earliest pagan parchment codices to survive from Oxyrhynchus in Egypt, Eric Turner seems to challenge Skeat ’ s notion when stating “… its mere existence is evidence that this book form had a prehistory ” and that “ early experiments with this book form may well have taken place outside of Egypt .” Early codices of parchment or papyrus appear to have been widely used as personal notebooks, for instance in recording copies of letters sent ( Cicero Fam.

It has been theorized by recent scholars that the Qumran library was not entirely produced at Qumran, but may have included part of the library of the Jerusalem Temple, that may have been hidden in the caves for safekeeping at the time the Temple was destroyed by Romans in 70 AD.

The use of tools has been interpreted as a sign of intelligence, and it has been theorized that tool use may have stimulated certain aspects of human evolution, especially the continued expansion of the human brain.

Kim has theorized that Emperor Keitai may have been a brother of Muryeong of Baekje, and they may be sons of Konchi of Baekje ( 곤지, 昆支 ).

In 1977, a paper on Heim theory theorized that it may be possible to travel faster than light by using magnetic fields to enter a higher-dimensional space.

Jacob Grimm theorized that Hel ( whom he refers to here as Halja, the theorized Proto-Germanic form of the term ) is essentially an " image of a greedy, unrestoring, female deity " and that " the higher we are allowed to penetrate into our antiquities, the less hellish and more godlike may Halja appear.

In later years, Frankenheimer theorized that the audience may have developed an affinity over the course of the movie for the character played by Bruce Dern and thus felt conflicted when he was defeated at the end.

These labyrinths may have originated as symbolic allusion to the Holy City ; and some modern thinkers have theorized that prayers and devotions may have accompanied the perambulation of their intricate paths.

He has contributed extensive effort to explicating the importance of concepts of Utopianism and Utopia as driving forces in the cultural and intellectual movements of Modernity, and outlining the political and existential uncertainties that may result from the decline or suspension of this trend in the theorized state of Postmodernity.

The 16th-century Italian historian Onofrio Panvinio, commenting on one of Bartolomeo Platina's works that refer to Pope Joan, theorized that the story of Pope Joan may have originated from tales of Pope John XII ; John reportedly had many mistresses, including one called Joan, who was very influential in Rome during his pontificate.

It has been theorized that the " putamen plays a role in the perception of contempt and disgust, and may be part of the motor system that's mobilized to take action.

It is theorized by some that the W ' rkncacnter's powerfully chaotic nature may be responsible for the jumps between realities seen in the game.

Daryl Bem, a social psychologist at Cornell University, has theorized that the influence of biological factors on sexual orientation may be mediated by experiences in childhood.

Russian, German, and other biophotonics experts, often adopting the term " biophotons " from Popp, have theorized, like Gurwitsch, that they may be involved in various cell functions, such as mitosis, or even that they may be produced and detected by the DNA in the cell nucleus.

It is also theorized that tectonic shifting along the Jordan-Gihon rift may have caused this valley's further submersion under the Dead Sea, and that the " divine fire and brimstone " was an explosion of natural gas released by a ground movement.

Scholars have theorized that the Vanir may be connected to small pieces of gold foil, gullgubber, found in Scandinavia at some building sites from the Migration Period to the Viking Age and occasionally in graves, have asked whether the Vanir originally represented pre-Indo-European deities or Indo-European fertility gods, and have theorized a form of the gods as venerated by the pagan Anglo-Saxons.

Rudolf Simek says that the etymology that Snorri presents in Gylfaginning for the name Gná may not be correct, yet it is unclear what the name may otherwise mean, though Gná has also been etymologically theorized as a " goddess of fullness.