* Simek, Rudolf ( 1993 ).

Austrian Germanist Rudolf Simek says that Bifröst either means " the swaying road to heaven " ( also citing bifa ) or, if Bilröst is the original form of the two ( which Simek says is likely ), " the fleetingly glimpsed rainbow " ( possibly connected to bil, perhaps meaning " moment, weak point ").

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

" Rudolf Simek theorizes that the figure of Hel is " probably a very late personification of the underworld Hel ," and says that " the first kennings using the goddess Hel are found at the end of the 10th and in the 11th centuries.

" Frauen und Brakteaten-eine Skizze " in Mythological Women ', edited by Rudolf Simek and Wilhelm Heizmann, pp. 33 – 80.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

Rudolf Simek notes that these horse heads gables can " still be seen today " ( from a 2007 edition of a work first published in 1984 ) and says that the horse head gables confirm that Hengist and Horsa were originally considered mythological, horse-shaped beings.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 1993 ) Dictionary of Northern Mythology ( D. S. Brewer ) ISBN 0-85991-513-1

The theory is complicated by the etymology of the name Svafrþorinn ( þorinn meaning " brave " and svafr means " gossip ") ( or possibly connects to sofa " sleep "), which Rudolf Simek says makes little sense when attempting to connect it to Njörðr.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

Historians Rudolf Simek and Bruno Dumézil theorise that the Viking attacks may have been in response to the spread of Christianity among pagan peoples.

Professor Rudolf Simek believes that “ it is not a coincidence if the early Viking activity occurred during the reign of Charlemagne ”.

Professor Rudolf Simek confirms that " it is not a coincidence if the early Viking activity occurred during the reign of Charlemagne ".

Rudolf Simek theorizes that the survival of Líf and Lífþrasir through Ragnarök by hiding in Hoddmímis holt is " a case of reduplication of the anthropogeny, understandable from the cyclic nature of the Eddic escatology.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

Scholar Rudolf Simek comments that the pagan Yule feast " had a pronounced religious character " and comments that " it is uncertain whether the Germanic Yule feast still had a function in the cult of the dead and in the veneration of the ancestors, a function which the mid-winter sacrifice certainly held for the West European Stone and Bronze Ages.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

In 2010 Rudolf Simek, building on an analysis by Lotte Motz, argued that vanir was originally nothing more than a general term for deities like æsir, and that its employment as a distinct group of deities was Snorri's invention, and the Vanir are therefore " a figment of imagination from the 13th to 20th centuries ".

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ).

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2010 ).

However, in the same work, Rudolf Simek also says that the goddesses Sága, Hlín, Sjöfn, Snotra, Vár, and Vör should be considered vaguely defined figures who " should be seen as female protective goddesses " that are all responsible for " specific areas of the private sphere, and yet clear differences were made between them so that they are in many ways similar to matrons.

Rudolf Simek says that it is uncertain whether or not Vör was a goddess as attested in the Prose Edda and if the etymological connection presented there ( between Vör and Old Norse vörr, meaning " careful ") is correct.

Rudolf Simek says that " these Idisi are obviously a kind of valkyrie, as these also have the power to hamper enemies in Norse mythology " and points to a connection with the valkyrie name Herfjötur ( Old Norse " army-fetter ").

Rudolf Simek says that the name Göndul is etymologically rooted in Old Norse gandr ( meaning " magic, magic wand "), yet in the Norwegian ' Göndul charm ' it appears to mean " magical animal ; werewolf?

" Rudolf Simek says that " this connexion of the god with the yew-tree, of whose wood bows were made ( cf.

Rudolf Simek says that Syn ranks among the female goddesses whose names are recorded from the " late heathen period ", but that prior to this these goddesses were considered among the collective dísir, and were, in turn, related to the Germanic Matronae.

John Weever says, “ Kelly ( otherwise called Talbot ) that famous English alchemist of our times, who flying out of his own country ( after he had lost both his ears at Lancaster ) was entertained with Rudolf the second, and last of that Christian name, Emperor of Germany .” Most accounts say that he first worked as an apothecary's apprentice.

Scholar Rudolf Simek says that since Óðr appears in a kenning employed by the 11th century skald Einarr Skúlason ( in Skáldskaparmál ) and in the Poetic Edda poems Völuspá and Hyndluljóð, Óðr is not a late invention.

Rudolf Simek says that hörgr may have originally exclusively meant " holy place ", whereas the Old English noun hearg could mean " holy grove " and / or " temple, idol ".

Rudolf Simek says that, regarding Adam of Bremen's account of the temple, " Adam's sources for this information are of extremely varying reliability, but the existence of a temple at Uppsala is undisputed.

Rudolf Simek says that " it is not completely clear what role the stag played in Germanic religion " and theorizes that " the stag cult probably stood in some sort of connexion to Odin's endowment of the dignity of kings.

Rudolf Simek says that her name, Mist, is likely related to Old Norse mistr, meaning " cloud, mist ," and that this " reminds us of the way in which valkyries can ride through the air and over water ," such as in the Poetic Edda poems Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar and Helgakviða Hundingsbana II.

Karl Barth and Rudolf Bultmann repudiated the quest for historical Jesus, and although the introduction of The Five Gospels asserts this it suppressed any real interest in the topic from c 1920 to c 1970, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church says there was a brief New Quest movement in the 50s conducted by Bultmann's students, and the search continued without break outside of the Bultmann school.

Rudolf Simek says that Snorri may have derived his etymology of Sjöfn from the Old Norse words sefi (" sense ") or from sefi ( possibly " relation "), but that the scant references to Sjöfn do not allow for much more of an elaborate explanation for the goddess.

Scholar Rudolf Simek theorizes that Auðr is the invention of Snorri, but says that Snorri's reason for doing so is unknown.

While the etymology is Greek, the oldest extant record of the word itself is the New Latin form ontologia, which appeared in 1606, in the work Ogdoas Scholastica by Jacob Lorhard ( Lorhardus ) and in 1613 in the Lexicon philosophicum by Rudolf Göckel ( Goclenius ); see classical compounds for this type of word formation.

Using this etymology, scholar John Lindow gives the meanings " in-law-relationship ", scholar Andy Orchard provides " relation ", and scholar Rudolf Simek gives " relation by marriage ".

Scholar Rudolf Simek theorizes that Sif likely originated as a compliment to Thor through his fertility associations, and that the name Sif ( Simek provides the etymology " relation by marriage ") may have originally simply meant " the wife ( of Thor )".