When the North enthusiastically rallied behind the national flag after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, Lincoln concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war effort.

Nevertheless, in 1861, Lincoln justified the war in terms of legalisms ( the Constitution was a contract, and for one party to get out of a contract all the other parties had to agree ), and then in terms of the national duty to guarantee a republican form of government in every state.

* 1896 – José Rizal, national hero of the Philippines, ( executed ) ( b. 1861 )

* 1861 – The first national flag of the Confederate States of America ( the " Stars and Bars ") is adopted.

After this, in the mid to late 19th century, only in autonomous Galicia ( 1861 – 1914 ) was there a unicameral, functioning National Sejm ; it is recognised today as having played a major, and overwhelming positive role in the development of Polish national institutions.

Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the Papal States ( March 17, 1861 — September 20, 1870 ).

* December 30 – José Rizal, national hero of the Philippines ( b. 1861 )

The Italian unification saw the number of divisions increased, and on 24 January 1861 the Carabinieri were appointed the " First Force " of the new national military organization.

It consisted of a three core policy initiatives: protecting industry through high tariffs ( 1861 – 1932 ) ( changing to subsidies and reciprocity from 1932-1970s ), government investment in infrastructure through internal improvements, and a national bank to promote the growth of productive enterprises.

In 1945 Town Line gained national publicity for the 1861 vote, having never rescinded it, after Vicksburg, Mississippi and Dade County, Georgia both held ceremonial votes to rejoin the union.

After unification ( 1861 ) the adopted national anthem was the Marcia Reale, the Royal March ( or Fanfara Reale ), official hymn of the royal house of Savoy composed in 1831 to order of Carlo Alberto di Savoia.

There were only three flag designs adopted, with later, minor variants made to those designs, that served as the official national flags of the Confederate States of America and used during its existence from 1861 to 1865.

There was considerable national unrest when Queen Victoria largely withdrew from public life after her husband's death in 1861.

This group split from the main national body of Old School Presbyterianism, the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America ( PCUSA ), after that body's General Assembly passed the Gardiner Spring Resolutions passed in May 1861.

Francis Palgrave dedicated to Tennyson his Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics ( MacMillan 1861 ) declaring in the Preface that ' It would have been hence a peculiar pleasure and pride to dedicate what I have endeavoured to make a true national Anthology of three centuries to Henry Hallam '.

* The Taiwanese national hero and Ming general Koxinga ( 1624 – 1662 ) and the Japanese diplomat Inagaki Manjiro ( 1861 – 1908 ) were born in Hirado.

Local consumers founded Bradford-on-Avon Co-operative Society in 1861, which, in the 1960s, united with other consumer co-operatives in the district to merge with a national business.

This new order grew in population over the ensuing decades, during which the Duke of Manchester was in 1861 recruited as Grand Prior and a national hospitaller organization was formed when the Order of St. John formed a corps of ambulances.

A British national, Horatio Nelson Lay, was appointed as the Inspector general of the Imperial Maritime Customs Service, which was established in April 1861.

As a result of the national general strike of June 1936, to ensure completion of the nationally prestigious project SS Normandie, the government nationalised the various private shipyards into one state owned entity, the 1861 founded Chantiers de l ' Atlantique.

He made a thorough study of tactics, and, when President Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers to suppress the rebellion in 1861, he was second lieutenant of the company which promptly marched for the defence of the national capital.

Victorious at the 1861 Battle of Pavón, however, Mitre obtained important concessions from the national army, notably the amendment of the Constitution to provide for indirect elections through an electoral college.

As for the national coat of arms, they are officially adopted in 1861 and include revised versions on June 21, 1956 and May 30, 1963.

A similar fate was averted by Italy ; first due to a secular inability of the kings of France and Spain, and the Papacy, to come to terms on how to divide the country, then through the reaction against Habsburg domination which, as late as 1861, finally aligned most of the country's states in support of a national monarchy under King Victor Emmanuel II of the House of Savoy, hitherto king of Sardinia.

Honors were heaped upon him ; he was made a member of the Academy of Sciences ; Heinrich Laube, as director of the Burgtheater, reinstated his plays into the repertory ; in 1861, he was elected to the Austrian Herrenhaus ; his eightieth birthday was a national festival, and when he died in Vienna, on the January 21, 1872, the mourning of the Austrian people was universal.

The newly created Italian constitution, drafted after unification in 1861, heavily favored the North.

The 1861 secessionist constitution set the term start date at the first Monday in the November following the election.

This rule was added only in a 1999 amendment, prior to which the lieutenant governor only acted as governor, except during the time of the 1861 constitution, which said that the lieutenant governor would be " styled Governor of the State of Texas " in case of vacancy.

During the First Constitutional Convention, on December 3, 1861, Harmon Sinsel, of Taylor County, made a motion to strike the word Kanawha from the new state constitution.

By August 1858, a free-state constitution had been passed ; Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state on January 29, 1861.

The first Confederate Congress was held on February 4, 1861, and adopted a provisional constitution.

From 1861 to 1862 he served in a non-elected, interim manner, while the constitution was written.

Judicial, legislative and executive powers rested with the Governor who was assisted by a Council whose constitution was modified by reforms enacted in 1861, 1909, 1919 and 1935.

Alabama has had 6 constitutions to date: 1819 ( Converting Alabama Territory into a State ), 1861 ( Secession ), 1865 ( Reconstruction ), 1868 ( Ending reconstruction ), 1875, and the current 1901 constitution.

The Missouri Constitutional Convention, elected in February 1861 to amend the state constitution and decide the issue of secession, convened on July 22 and declared the office of Governor of Governor vacant due to Jackson's withdrawal from the state capitol ( among other issues ).

The previous six were the constitution of Coahuila y Tejas, the 1836 Constitution of the Republic of Texas and the state constitutions of 1845, 1861, 1866, and 1869.

The Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States of America was an interim constitution adopted by the Confederacy and in force from February 8, 1861 to March 11, 1861.

This requirement was dropped in 1861, when the state adopted a new constitution at the outset of the American Civil War.

The February Patent was a document that was adopted in 1861 as a constitution of the Austrian Empire.

It was replaced by the second Arkansas state constitution when Arkansas seceded from the Union on May 6, 1861.

On October 10, 1865, the Constitutional Convention met in Tallahassee to nullify the Ordinance of Secession of 1861 and adopt a new constitution for the State of Florida.

A year later, in 1777, another constitution was drafted, followed by the constitutions of 1789, 1798, 1861 ( after joining the Confederate States of America ), 1868, 1877, 1945, 1976, and 1983.

The Convention of 1861 – 62 was called to revise the constitution to remove North Carolina from the United States.

But the onerous character of this work, following a wound and illness at Delhi, broke down his constitution, and he died at sea on 13 December 1861.

The club was founded on March 4, 1861 with the approval of its constitution by Tsar Alexander II.