A 2002 study of the molecular phylogeny of the agarics indicates that the genus Psilocybe as presently defined is polyphyletic, falling into two distinct clades that are not directly related to each other.

The family contains the chanterelles and related species, a group of fungi that superficially resemble agarics ( gilled mushrooms ) but have smooth, wrinkled, or gill-like hymenophores ( spore-bearing undersurfaces ).

Similarly, the bolete genus Suillus is more closely related to the agarics and false truffles of Chroogomphus, Gomphidius, and Rhizopogon than to Boletus.

" A nomenclatural checklist of agarics, boletes, and related secotioid and gasteromycetous fungi recorded from New Zealand ".

Forms deviating from the standard morphology usually have more specific names, such as " puffball ", " stinkhorn ", and " morel ", and gilled mushrooms themselves are often called " agarics " in reference to their similarity to Agaricus or their place Agaricales.

Within the main body of mushrooms, in the Agaricales, are common fungi like the common fairy-ring mushroom ( Marasmius oreades ), shiitake, enoki, oyster mushrooms, fly agarics, and other amanitas, magic mushrooms like species of Psilocybe, paddy straw mushrooms, shaggy manes, etc.

For example, agarics have arisen independently in the Agaricales, the Boletales, the Russulales, and other groups, while secotioid fungi and false truffles have arisen independently many times just within the Agaricales.

Most species of agarics are classified in the Agaricales, however, this type of fruiting body is thought to have evolved several times independently, hence the Russulales, Boletales, Hymenochaetales, and several other groups of basidiomycetes also contain agaric species.

Older systems of classification place all agarics in the Agaricales, and some ( mostly older ) sources still use " agarics " as a common name for the Agaricales.

Curious as to how fungi reproduced Potter began microscopic drawings of fungi spores ( the agarics ) and in 1895 developed a theory of their germination.

Rolf Singer ( June 23, 1906 – January 18, 1994 ) was a German-born mycologist and one of the most important taxonomists of gilled mushrooms ( agarics ) in the 20th century.

While most puffballs are not poisonous, some often look similar to young agarics, especially the deadly Amanitas, such as the death cap or destroying angel mushrooms.

Historically agarics and boletes ( which bear their spores on a hymenium of gills or tubes respectively ) were classified quite separately from the gasteroid fungi, such as puff-balls and truffles, of which the spores are formed in a large mass enclosed in an outer skin.

Fungi which do not open up to let their spores be dispersed in the air, but which show a clear morphological relation to agarics or boletes, constitute an intermediate form and are called secotioid.

Cortinarius is a very widespread genus of agarics, but also contains some secotioid species, such as C. leucocephalus, C. coneae and C. cartilagineus.

Comparatively few Basidiomycetes are lichenized, but these include agarics, such as species of Lichenomphalia, clavarioid fungi, such as species of Multiclavula, and corticioid fungi, such as species of Dictyonema.

The genus Amanita contains about 600 species of agarics including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide, as well as some well regarded edible species.

The Boletales are now known to contain distinct groups of agarics, gasteromycetes, and other fruiting body types.

Still, many mushroom hunters recommend that beginners start with boletes, since deadly mix-ups are far less likely than with agarics.

" Big white mushroom " ( or BWM ) is also sometimes used to describe groups of difficult to identify larger and paler agarics, many of which are in the genus Clitocybe.

The beefsteak fungus, a well known bracket fungus, is actually a member of the agarics.

Additionally, the curvature enables wind currents to blow the spores out in a different manner than in most agarics and boletes.

* In agarics the hymenium is on the vertical faces of the gills.

The boletes are classified in the Boletales ; however, not all members of that order are boletes ; recent discoveries in the micromorphology and molecular phylogeny of this group have established that it also contains a large number of agarics, gasteromycetes, and other fruiting body morphologies.

As originally conceived, the genus was a mix of agarics with rings on their stems, including species now placed in Armillaria, Cortinarius, and Pholiota.

A matai can represent a small family group or a great extended family that reaches across islands, and to both American Samoa and independent Samoa.

Other combinations linked independent deities based on the symbolic meaning of numbers in Egyptian mythology ; for instance, pairs of deities usually represent the duality of opposite phenomena.

The mysterious Egerton Gospel appears to represent a parallel but independent tradition to the Gospel of John.

Some scholars today believe that parts of John represent an independent historical tradition from the synoptics, while other parts represent later traditions.

In engineering and science, one often has a number of data points, obtained by sampling or experimentation, which represent the values of a function for a limited number of values of the independent variable.

In late 2011, a new independent supporter group South Stand SC formed to represent the opposite stand from the Cauldron.

The concrete definition given above is easy to work with, but has some minor problems: to use it we first need to represent a Lie group as a group of matrices, but not all Lie groups can be represented in this way, and it is not obvious that the Lie algebra is independent of the representation we use.

In linear algebra, a basis is a set of linearly independent vectors that, in a linear combination, can represent every vector in a given vector space or free module, or, more simply put, which define a " coordinate system " ( as long as the basis is given a definite order ).

While it is widely believed that the usage of x to represent an independent or unknown variable can be traced back to the Arabic word šay < nowiki >'</ nowiki > شيء = “ thing ”, there are no sources to support this claim.

This is the central idea of category theory, a branch of mathematics which seeks to generalize all of mathematics in terms of objects and arrows, independent of what the objects and arrows represent.

Richard North says that the description of a raven flying over the Egyptian army ( glossed as wonn wælceaseg ) may have been directly influenced by the Old Norse concept of Valhalla, the usage of wælcyrge in De laudibus virginitatis may represent a loan or loan-translation of Old Norse valkyrja, but the Cotton Cleopatra A. iii and the Corpus Glossary instances " appear to show an Anglo-Saxon conception of wælcyrge that was independent of contemporary Scandinavian influence ".

Shortly before the signing of the JBNQA, realizing that the demands on the Inuit were too great to allow them to represent the interests of the Naskapis in addition to their own interests, the Naskapi negotiators retained their own non-Native advisors and started to function as an independent negotiating body.

Each example is thought to represent an independent evolutionary loss of the forcible discharge mechanism ancestral to all basidiomycetes.

' To different cultures or individuals, a third gender may represent an intermediate state between men and women, a state of being both ( such as " the spirit of a man in the body of a woman "), the state of being neither ( neuter ), the ability to cross or swap genders, another category altogether independent of men and women.

In 1975 the urban district of Neuss lost its independent status and was merged into the Grevenbroich district, which was renamed to Kreis Neuss to represent the new administrative seat.

Generic 4-stage pipeline ; the colored boxes represent instructions independent of each other

Ancient India and China represent distinct traditions of law, and had historically independent schools of legal theory and practice.

Physical equations involving isotropic materials must therefore be independent of the coordinate system chosen to represent them.

Since the trace of any tensor is independent of any coordinate system, the most complete coordinate-free decomposition of a symmetric tensor is to represent it as the sum of a constant tensor and a traceless symmetric tensor.

The objective was to, citing the memoirs of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, “ equally represent interests of three groups of countries: capitalist, socialist and recently independent .”

Resolved unanimously, that the delegates appointed to represent this colony in General Congress be instructed to propose to that respectable body to declare the United Colonies free and independent states, absolved from all allegiance to, or dependence upon, the crown or parliament of Great Britain ; and that they give the assent of this colony to such declaration, and to whatever measures may be thought proper and necessary by the Congress for forming foreign alliances and a confederation of the colonies, at such time, and in the manner, as to them shall seem best: Provided, that the power of forming government for, and the regulations of the internal concerns of each colony, be left to the respective colonial legislatures.

" Much of progressive, independent political action will continue to occur in Democratic Party primaries in support of candidates who represent a broad progressive coalition.

Scholars do not agree about whether either the Dingzhou Analects or the Pyongyang Analects represent the Lu version, the Qi version, the old text version, or a different version that was independent of these three traditions.