Before 1938, the federal courts, like almost all other common law courts, decided the law on any issue where the relevant legislature ( either the U. S. Congress or state legislature, depending on the issue ), had not acted, by looking to courts in the same system, that is, other federal courts, even on issues of state law, and even where there was no express grant of authority from Congress or the Constitution.

Before she leaves she sternly notes that her daughter will not disclose any information whatsoever about her family, past, or herself and that Carmilla is of sound mind.

Before the fighting, the Parliament of England did not have a large permanent role in the English system of government, functioning as a temporary advisory committee, summoned by the monarch whenever the Crown required additional tax revenue, and subject to dissolution by the monarch at any time.

Before the snap of the ball, in the American game, backfield players may only move parallel to the line of scrimmage, only one back may be in motion at any given time, and if forward motion has occurred, the back must be still for a full second before the snap.

Before the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act was passed in the wake of the September 11 attacks, the FBI director would directly brief the President of the United States on any issues that arise from within the FBI.

Before any graphic elements may be applied to a design, the graphic elements must be originated by means of visual art skills.

* Short-lived nature of gene therapy – Before gene therapy can become a permanent cure for any condition, the therapeutic DNA introduced into target cells must remain functional and the cells containing the therapeutic DNA must be long-lived and stable.

" Before she can cry any further, Rhett asks Scarlett to marry him saying, " I always intended having you, one way or another.

Before placement of an IUD, a medical history and physical examination by a medical professional is useful to check for any contraindications or concerns.

Before any further steps could be taken at Rome, Gregory XI died ( 1378 ).

Before purchasing any work supposedly by Schwitters, it is best to consult the Kurt Schwitters Archive at the Sprengel Museum in Hannover, Germany.

Before that, most of these patterns were more connected to geographical regions than to any clan.

Before the late 19th century, the word " Lesbian " referred to any derivative or aspect of Lesbos, including a type of wine.

Before any institution invests a great deal of time and energy into building high-quality e-learning content ( which can cost over $ 10, 000 per classroom hour ), it needs to consider how this content can be easily loaded into a Learning Management System.

# Before any custodial interrogation began did the government agents properly advise the defendant of her Miranda rights? If “ Yes ” go to 6 ; If “ No ”, go to 18 ..

Before its establishment, Rulers were immune from any proceedings brought against them in their personal capacity.

Before Moses went up the mountain to receive the tablets, he told the elders to direct any questions that arose to Aaron or Hur.

Before then, the game was only available on a limited basis on the Commodore 64 due to few publishers showing any interest in porting it.

Before 1700, London brewers sent out their beer very young and any aging was either performed by the publican or a dealer.

Before the days of cultured pearls, black pearls were rare and highly valued for the simple reason that white pearl oysters rarely produced naturally black pearls, and black pearl oysters rarely produced any natural pearls at all.

Before taking any steps to meet the wishes of Michael, Louis asked the pope's permission for a number of his bishops to assemble and make a selection of passages from the Fathers to elucidate the question that the Greeks had put before them.

Before leaving Hollywood for Europe in 1952, following the problematic production The Crimson Pirate for Warner Bros., his third and last film with Burt Lancaster, Siodmak had directed some of the era's best film noirs, more than any other director who worked in that genre, twelve in all.

* Before 3: 50 a. m .: The Jerusalem Post reports that Osama bin Laden has given a speech denying any connection to the attacks, which he called admirable.

Before 2005, Seattle had the longest drought of playoff victories of any NFL team, dating back to the 1984 season.

Before the advent of the British, no empire based in mainland India had controlled any part of what now makes up the country's Northeast, part of the reason for the ongoing insurgency in Northeast India.

Before the enactment of the metric system, many countries in Europe used their own official acres.

Before there was an official standard for C, many users and implementors relied on an informal specification contained in a book by Ritchie and Brian Kernighan ; that version is generally referred to as " K & R " C. In 1989 the American National Standards Institute published a standard for C ( generally called " ANSI C " or " C89 ").

Before the release, Everlast announced on his official message board that he was not endorsing the compilation album.

* Before 2: 30 PM, the official New York City missing count has risen to 4972.

* Before 2: 30 PM, the official death count at the Pentagon has risen to 189, including the 64 in the plane.

Before March 5, 1973, Telnet was an ad-hoc protocol with no official definition.

Before the official development tools were released, most map development was done using aging tools such as Pfhorte-a Marathon map editor created in March 1995 by Steve Israelson.

Before its official release date on October 5, the band played at the Austin City Limits Music Festival and KBCO's World Class Rockfest.

Before Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, local Christians were being persecuted by the Romans.

Before his official adoption as a Roman deity, Liber was companion to two different goddesses in two separate, archaic Italian fertility cults ; Ceres, an agricultural and fertility goddess of Rome's Hellenised neighbours, and Libera, who was either Liber's female equivalent or became so through assimilation.

* @ Toon ( 2001 – 2004 ): Before each first commercial break for most of the shows, the block featured some viewer submissions and game high scores from the official website.

* 30 May 1958: Before the official opening, Transair operated the first commercial air service from the new Gatwick ; a Jersey Airlines de Havilland Heron was the first scheduled aircraft to arrive at the newly reconstructed airport.

Before Utah was ever an official state Beaver was established as a county in 1886 by the Legislature of the Territory of Utah.

Before becoming an official town, the area was called Jawbone Flats.

Before her trip to Lebanon she visited Derry on one of her last official engagements to Northern Ireland, becoming the inaugural speaker at the first Conversations Across Walls and Borders event in First Derry Presbyterian Church.

Before the introduction of the official written form of Rumantsch Grischuni in 2003, books for pupils in public schools were printed in the five different idioms throughout the state.

Before the end of the 1960s, Trudeau would pass the Official Languages Act ( 1969 ), which aimed to ensure that all federal government services were available in both of Canada's official languages.

Before the official adoption of the yotta prefix, the multiple was also known as otta.

Before his political career Sorsa worked for UNESCO in Paris 1959 – 1965, and was Secretary-General of Finnish UNESCO board 1965 – 1969, and official in the Ministry of Education 1967 – 1969.

Before Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire during the reign of the Emperor Constantine I, Diocletian and Maximian passed strict anti-polygamy laws in 285 that mandated monogamy was the only form of legal marital configuration, as had traditionally been the case in classical Greece and Rome themselves.

Before any official announcement, reports began running during April 1965 within the automotive press that Chevrolet was preparing a competitor to the Ford Mustang, code-named Panther.

Before the civilian government was established, Afghan air force colonel Abdul Qadir Dagarwal was the official ruler of Afghanistan for three days, starting from 27 April 1978.

Before 1967, " Zionist entity " was the standard term used by Arabs and the Arab media to refer to Israel, and was particularly popular in official broadcasts of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan during the 1960s and ' 70s.

Before the successful recall of Gray Davis, no California statewide official had ever been recalled, though there had been 117 previous attempts.

Before 2000, when the Seoul government changed the official Romanization of Hangul, Jeju-do was spelled Cheju-do.