Northumbria played an important role in the formation of Insular art, a unique style combining Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, Pictish, Byzantine and other elements, producing works such as the Lindisfarne Gospels, St Cuthbert Gospel, the Ruthwell Cross and Bewcastle Cross, and later the Book of Kells, which was probably created at Iona.

However the dates assigned to most of the early crosses surviving in good condition, whether at Ruthwell and Bewcastle, the Western Ossery group in Ireland, Iona or the Kildalton Cross on Islay, have all shown a tendency to converge on the period around or slightly before 800, despite the differences between the Northumbrian and Celtic types.

Some have inscriptions recording the donor who commissioned them, like Muiredach's High Cross and the Bewcastle Cross.

Anglo-Saxon crosses were typically more slender, and often nearly square in section, though when, as with the Ruthwell Cross and Bewcastle Cross, they were geographically close to areas of the Celtic Church, they seem to have been larger, perhaps to meet local expectations, and the two 9th century Mercian Sandbach Crosses are the largest up to that period from anywhere.

* The Anglo-Saxon Bewcastle Cross Northumbrian

* The Anglo-Saxon Irton Cross, Cumbria showing affinity to the style of Bewcastle

< center > A sundial showing the four Tide ( time ) | Tides and five Canonical hours, based on the example on the Bewcastle Cross .< center >

Continuous vine scrolls in a great variety of designs of the same general type as the central motif, with few leaves and round fruits, were very common in slightly later religious Anglo-Saxon art, and are often combined with interlace in the same work, especially on Anglo-Saxon crosses, for example the Bewcastle Cross and the Easby Cross now in the Victoria and Albert Museum.

The vine motif here differs from the common continuous scroll type in that the stems cross over each other twice on each side, but crossing stems are also seen on the upper north face of the Bewcastle Cross and a cross in the church at Hexham.

The Bewcastle Cross, the Ruthwell Cross and the Hexham Cross are probably to be dated to one or two generations after Aldfrith's time.

Some featured large figurative sculpture of considerable quality, as on the Ruthwell Cross and Bewcastle Cross ( both probably around 800 ).

" Whatever the subject it is, it is clearly the same as the very similar relief that is the largest panel on the nearby Bewcastle Cross which, subject to dating, was probably created by the same artists.

The " Visionary Cross project ", led by Catherine Karkov, Daniel Paul O ’ Donnell, and Roberto Rosselli Del Turco, studies crosses such as the Ruthwell Cross, the Bewcastle Cross, and the Brussels Cross, and in 2012 performed 3D-scans at Ruthwell.

File: The 7th C Bewcastle Cross-Christ stepping on the lion and the adder-geograph. org. uk-1833430. jpg | Christ treading on the beasts

File: The 7th C Bewcastle Cross-St. John the Evangelist-geograph. org. uk-1833425. jpg | The falconer / St John figure

) can be found in a small portion of north Cumbria with the southern limit stretching from Bewcastle to Longtown and Gretna.

There are dedications to him around Hadrian's Wall and Cumbria, including the forts at Birdoswald and Bewcastle.

He correctly distinguished what he called " Briton brykes " ( actually Roman bricks ) at several geographically dispersed sites, including Verulamium, Richborough, Lympne, Dover Castle, Canterbury, and Bewcastle.

This information however is based on a semi-legible inscription found at Bewcastle and a military diploma from the period that mentions his name in connection with Britain.

On 17 November 1539 he was for the third time appointed sheriff of Cumberland ; on 14 May 1541 he sent Henry an account of the state of Scotland, and on 22 October the king ordered reprisals for the burning of some barns near Bewcastle by the Scots ; two days later he added the captaincy of Carlisle to his office of deputy warden, and on 3 January 1542 he was returned to parliament as knight of the shire for Cumberland.

Vine-scroll decoration and interlace are seen in alternating panels on the early Northumbrian Ruthwell, Bewcastle and Easby Crosses, though the vine-scroll is already more prominent, and has faces to itself.

The fort at Birdoswald was linked by a Roman road, known as the Maiden Way, to the outpost fort of Bewcastle, seven miles to the north.

It has been described by Nikolaus Pevsner thus ; " The crosses of Bewcastle and Ruthwell ... are the greatest achievement of their date in the whole of Europe.

* Ó Carragaáin, Éamonn, Christian Inculturation in Eighth-Century Northumbria: The Bewcastle and Ruthwell Crosses, Colloquium Magazine, Vol 4, Autumn 2007, Yale Institute of Sacred Music.

The Bewcastle Cross is an Anglo-Saxon cross which is still in its original position within the churchyard of St Cuthbert's church at Bewcastle, in the English county of Cumbria.

Image: Bewcastle cross south perspective view. jpg | Bewcastle cross south perspective view

Image: BewcastleCross1. jpg | Bewcastle Cross-east and north faces

Image: Bewcastle cross and church. jpg | Bewcastle cross and church

image: Bewcastle cross north and west faces. jpg | North and west faces

File: The Lamentation at the Foot of the Cross by Rembrandt van Rijn. jpg | Rembrandt-The Lamentation at the Foot of the Cross ( 1634-35 )

File: 5281-20080123-jerusalem-holy-sepulchre-treasure. jpg | In the centre of the Treasure Room, the True Cross, and other relics near the walls

File: Epitaph for heart of Frédéric Chopin in Holy Cross Church in Warsaw. PNG | Epitaph for heart of Frédéric Chopin

File: IKRK Hauptquartier. jpg | International Committee of the Red Cross ( CICR )

File: Geneva redcc museum entance. jpg | Museum of the International Red Cross

File: Heilig Kreuz Kerzenlabyrinth 11122011. JPG | Labyrinth made with 2500 burning tealights at December, 11th 2011 in the Holy Cross Church in Frankfurt am Main-Bornheim

File: White-house-floor1-cross-Hall. jpg | The Cross Hall, connecting the State Dining Room and the East Room on the State Floor.

File: Hans Memling 031. jpg | Hans Memling-Diptych of Granada, left wing: Acceptance of the Cross, h. 1475

File: El Alamein Commonwealth Denkmal. jpg | Cross of Sacrifice, El Alamein Commonwealth cemetery

File: Cadover Cross ( portrait ). JPG | Cadover Cross, one of the Dartmoor crosses ( Dartmoor, England )

File: Ruthwell Cross-Project Gutenberg eText 16785. jpg | Ruthwell Cross ( Ruthwell, Scotland )

File: Irton Cross, Irton, Cumbria. JPG | Irton, Cumbria

File: Kedleston cross section. jpg | Cross section, Kedleston Hall

File: AdamBrothersHallatSyon1778. jpg | Cross section of Hall, Syon House, London

File: RobertAdamLibraryKenwood1774 edited. jpg | Cross section of the library, Kenwood House, London

File: Royal Stables in the Mews, Charing Cross.

File: Sutton Washway. jpg | Ordnance Survey map of 1810: Cross Keys Inn is now within Sutton Bridge.

File: Mam Tor, trail towards Hollins Cross, overlooking Hope Valley. jpg | Panoramic view overlooking Hope Valley from a trail heading towards Hollins Cross

File: Tiffany Cross Medal of Honor. jpg | 1919 – 1942 Navy " Tiffany Cross " Medal

Although he was top billed in a number of Nazi-era themed films as The Man in the Glass Booth ; Counterpoint ( 1968 ); A Bridge Too Far ; Cross of Iron ; The Odessa File ; Julia ; and Judgment at Nuremberg, he also played more diverse characters in Krakatoa, East of Java ; The Black Hole ; The Freshman ; John Carpenter's Vampires ; Topkapi ; Stalin ; Candles in the Dark ; Erste Liebe ; Deep Impact ; and the television miniseries, Peter the Great ( 1986 ), which co-starred Vanessa Redgrave and Laurence Olivier.

File: KirkkoRauma 2. jpg | Church of The Holy Cross