At the 14 – 15 June 1983 Central Committee meeting, Vitaly Vorotnikov was elected as a candidate member of the Politburo, Grigory Romanov was elected to the Secretariat and five members of the Central Committee were given full membership.

To make matters worse for Chernenko, he did not have control over the Politburo ; both Andrei Gromyko and Dmitriy Ustinov were both very independent politically, and the Politburo still contained several leading Andropov protégés, such as Gorbachev, Vorotnikov, Solomontsev and Heydar Aliyev.

Of these three, Konayev and Shcherbytsky were Brezhnevites, and Vorotnikov, while not supporting Gorbachev, took it for granted that Gorbachev would succeed Chernenko.

The Politburo meeting, which elected Gorbachev to the General Secretaryship, did not include such members as Dinmukhamed Konayev, Volodymyr Shcherbytsky and Vitaly Vorotnikov.

Andrey Gromyko retired from the Politburo, Yegor Ligachev was relieved of the ideology portfolio within the Politburo's Secretariat, and Boris Pugo replaced Politburo member Mikhail Solomentsev as chairman of the powerful CPSU Party Control Committee.

Collectivist anarchists, particularly Mikhail Bakunin, were among the earliest critics of authoritarian communism.

Vertov's brothers Boris Kaufman and Mikhail Kaufman were also noted filmmakers, as was his wife, Elizaveta Svilova.

The so-called " Council of Three ," a group issuing manifestoes in LEF, a radical Russian newsmagazine, was established in 1922 ; the group's " three " were Vertov, his ( future ) wife and editor Elizaveta Svilova, and his brother and cinematographer Mikhail Kaufman.

" His slow motion, fast motion, and other camera techniques were a way to dissect the image, Mikhail Kaufman stated in an interview.

Some of them, such as Mikhail Svetšnikov, led Red troops in western Finland throughout February 1918, while other officers were mistrustful of their revolutionary underlings and co-operated with their former colleague General Mannerheim, assisting the Whites in the disarmament of the Russian garrisons in Finland.

Because they were marked with the letter K ( for Voronezh Komintern Factory ), Red Army troops adopted a nickname from Mikhail Isakovsky's popular wartime song, " Katyusha ", about a girl longing for her absent beloved, who has gone away on military service.

By that time his works were influenced by Natalia Goncharova and Mikhail Larionov, Russian avant-garde painters who were particularly interested in Russian folk art called lubok.

Among the executed were Zhdanov's deputy, Aleksei Kuznetsov ; the economic chief, Nikolai Voznesensky ; the Party head in Leningrad, Pyotr Popkov ; and the Prime Minister of the Russian Republic, Mikhail Rodionov.

Discounting Peary's disputed claim, the first men to set foot at the North Pole were a Soviet party including geophysicists Mikhail Ostrekin and Pavel Senko, oceanographers Mikhail Somov and Pavel Gordienko, and other scientists and flight crew ( 24 people in total ) of Aleksandr Kuznetsov's Sever-2 expedition ( March – May 1948 ).

After Mikhail Gorbachev took the office of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in March 1985, he began a series of political reforms that were resisted by many established members of the Communist Party.

Stalin ordered one of his best NKVD agents, General Nikolai Skoblin, to pass Heydrich false information suggesting that Marshall Mikhail Tukhachevsky and other Soviet generals were plotting against Stalin.

Conceding the weaknesses of their past approaches in solving new problems, the leaders of the late 1980s, headed by Mikhail Gorbachev, were seeking to mould a program of economic reform to galvanise the economy.

Under Mikhail Gorbachev, glasnost and perestroika were intended to revive the Soviet Union.

However, the first designated full blown scores were composed earlier, in 1908, by Camille Saint-Saëns, for The Assassination of the Duke of Guise, and by Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, for Stenka Razin.

In the 1980s, South Korean President Roh Tae Woo's Nordpolitik and Mikhail Gorbachev's " New Thinking " were both attempts to reverse their nations ' recent histories.

As Mikhail Gorbachev announced perestroika and glasnost, small-time dictators who had copied Joseph Stalin's policies had no choice but to realise that their days were numbered.

* By 1990, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms were causing major inflation and economic chaos.

Eventually, the NATO missiles were set up and used as bargaining chips in arms talks with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who took office in 1985.

Those intent on bringing about Bestzuhev's ruin were his rivals the Shuvalovs, Vice-Chancellor Mikhail Vorontsov and the Austrian and French ambassadors.

Among the winners were the new class of entrepreneurs and black marketeers that had emerged under Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika.

Soviet archeologist Mikhail Artamonov initially placed Balanjar on the site of the modern Daghestani city of Buynaksk, but when later the ruins of a town to the south of Makhachkala were found, he idenitified them as being those of Balanjar.

Others, such as Mikhail M. Morozov, have maintained that Shakespeare may not have been entirely original in his writing of the play ( whether The Shrew or A Shrew ), suggesting that the ideas found in the story were those of another author.

For example, Mikhail Gorbachev initially did not hold the presidency of the Soviet Union, that office being given as an honour to former Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko.

Originally she was to dance the lead in Mikhail Fokine's The Firebird, but refused the part, as she could not come to terms with Igor Stravinsky's avant-garde score, and the role was given to Tamara Karsavina.

Through Eisrach, Balakirev was given opportunities to read, play and listen to music and was exposed to the music of Frédéric Chopin and Mikhail Glinka.

This is widely held to have meant the adoption of Perestroika-style reforms rather than the complete removal of existing institutions ; it can be linked to the warm reception the new regime was given by Mikhail Gorbachev and the rest of the Soviet leadership, and the fact that the first post-revolutionary international agreement signed by Romania was with that country.

Krenz also argued that the prosecution of former GDR officials was a breach of a personal agreement given by West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev during their talks, which led to German reunification.

Such elements include the essential idea of narrative structure, with identifiable beginnings, middles and ends, or exposition-development-climax-denouement, with important inciting incidents, normally constructed into coherent plot lines ; a strong focus on temporality that includes retention of the past, attention to present action and protention / future anticipation ; a substantial focus on characters and characterization which is " arguably the most important single component of the novel " ( David Lodge The Art of Fiction 67 ); a given hetergloss of different voices dialogically at play, " the sound of the human voice, or many voices, speaking in a variety of accents, rhythms and registers " ( Lodge The Art of Fiction 97 ; see also the theory of Mikhail Bakhtin for expansion of this idea ); possesses a narrator or narrator-like voice, which by definition " addresses " and " interacts with " reading audiences ( see Reader Response theory ); communicates with a Wayne Booth-esque rhetorical thrust, a dialectic process of interpretation, which is at times beneath the surface, conditioning a plotted narrative, and other at other times much more visible, " arguing " for and against various positions ; relies substantially on now-standard aesthetic figuration, particularly including the use of metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche and irony ( see Hayden White, Metahistory for expansion of this idea ); is often enmeshed in intertextuality, with copious connections, references, allusions, similarities, parallels, etc.

The Duke of Perm only accepted baptism in 1470 ( he was given the Christian name Mikhail ), possibly in an attempt to stave off Russian military pressure in the region.

During the festival, many world-class performers such as soloists and virtuosi, orchestras, dance companies, rock and jazz groups including Ray Charles, Paco de Lucia, Joan Baez, Martha Graham Dance Company, Tanita Tikaram, Jethro Tull, Leningrad Philarmonic Orchestra, Chris De Burgh, Sting, Moscow State Philharmonic Orchestra, Jan Garbarek, Red Army Chorus, Academy of St Martin in the Fields, Chick Corea and Origin, New York City Ballet, Nigel Kennedy, Bryan Adams, God Is An Astronaut, James Brown, Elton John, Anathema, Kiri Te Kanawa, Mikhail Barishnikov and Josep Carreras have given recitals and performances at various venues in the city and its surrounding areas ; including the ancient theatres at Ephesus and Metropolis ( an ancient Ionian city situated near the town of Torbalı.

The Right Opposition was the name given to the tendency made up of Nikolai Bukharin, Alexei Rykov, Mikhail Tomsky and their supporters within the Soviet Union in the late 1920s.

On learning that Béla IV had given his daughter in marriage to his son, Rostislav Mikhailovich ( who had fled to the Hungarians ) in 1242, Mikhail believed that his efforts to form an alliance with the Árpád dynasty had finally been realized.

The theory was motivated by the desire to enumerate finite groups of given order, and the analogy with Mikhail Gromov's notion of word growth.

In 1930, under the repressive fascist regime of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, Borzacchini was pressured into racing under the Italian name, Mario Umberto because at birth, his parents had given him the first name of a Russian social activist ( Mikhail Bakunin ) whom they had admired.

" These characters were also given extravagant profiles in the game's official strategy guide ; Abdullah the Butcher, renamed " Saladin ," is described as a former Afghan Secret service operative who refused orders to assassinate Mikhail Gorbachev.

Notable subsequent performances were given on 28 July 1882 in Prague, the first production of a Tchaikovsky opera outside Russia ; in 1899 in Moscow by the Private Opera Society, conducted by Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov ; and in 1907 in Moscow by the Zimin Opera, conducted by Palitsīn.

In 1936 another revival of Le Corsaire was given by the Kirov Ballet, with Natalia Dudinskaya as Medora, Mikhail Mikhailov as Conrad, and Vakhtang Chabukiani as the Slave ( or Rhab, as the character was known in Russia ).

It was given the name Mikhailovskaya in 1849 after Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich of Russia.

It was given by Grand Duke Mikhail Yaroslavich as an appanage to his son Vasily, who founded a short-lived dynasty of local princes.

In 1826, Geiden was given command of the Russian fleet in the Mediterranean ( with Mikhail Lazarev as deputy ).