During his years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on Hayek.

In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, becoming a professor in the Committee on Social Thought.

When Hayek left Salzburg in 1977, he wrote, " I made a mistake in moving to Salzburg ".

Friedrich Hayek suggests that it is incorrect to view the political spectrum as a line, with socialists on the left, conservatives on the right, and liberals in the middle.

Jay and Silent Bob fill out their roles as prophets: they predict the arrival of Rufus ( Chris Rock ), the thirteenth apostle, who was left out of the Bible because he was black ; they lead the others to former muse Serendipity ( Salma Hayek ); they procure the divine instrument that will stop Azrael ; Jay reveals the location of God (" John Doe Jersey "); and ultimately, though inadvertently, they provide Bethany with the solution to preventing Armageddon.

Hayek ( 1899 – 1992 ) in 1944 galvanized opponents of the New Deal by arguing that the left in Britain was leading that nation down the " road to serfdom ".

In his later years, Hayek recalled a discussion of philosophy with Wittgenstein, when both were officers during World War I.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the writings of Hayek were also a major influence on many of the leaders of the " velvet " revolution in Central Europe during the collapse of the old Soviet Empire.

Hayek visited Chile in the 1970s and 1980s during the Government Junta of general Augusto Pinochet and accepted being named Honorary Chairman of the Centro de Estudios Públicos, the think tank formed by the economists who transformed Chile into a free market economy.

* The Cato Institute named its lower level auditorium after Hayek, who had been a Distinguished Senior Fellow at Cato during his later years.

Friedrich Hayek, who taught at LSE during the 1930 and 1940s

Scholars during this period had also ceased to identify the Germans as neoliberalism ’ s intellectual progenitors, tending instead to associate neoliberalism with the theories of Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman.

With John Chamberlain ( and Suzanne La Follette as managing editor ), Hazlitt served as editor of the early free market publication The Freeman from 1950 to 1952, and as sole editor-in-chief from 1952 to 1953, and its contributors during his tenure there included Hayek, Mises and Wilhelm Röpke, as well as the writers James Burnham, John Dos Passos, Max Eastman, John T. Flynn, Frank Meyer, Raymond Moley, Morrie Ryskind and George Sokolsky.

Richie takes special notice of the club's star performer, Santánico Pandemónium ( Salma Hayek ) during an extended solo performance, after which Chet Pussy ( Cheech Marin again ) and some others approach the group, looking to settle the score with the Geckos.

The Road to Serfdom was to be the popular edition of the second volume of Hayek ’ s treatise entitled “ The Abuse and Decline of Reason ,” and the title was inspired by the writings of the 19th century French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville on the “ road to servitude .” The book was first published in Britain by Routledge in March 1944, during World War II, and was quite popular, leading Hayek to call it “ that unobtainable book ,” also due in part to wartime paper rationing.

The evolutionary process of the extended order can be stimulated by increases in individual freedom and has even realized some of its greatest advances during times of anarchy, however it can ( and quite often has throughout history ) been hindered by government constraint, as Friedrich Hayek says, " Protection of several property, not the direction of its use by government, laid the foundations for the growth of the dense network of exchange of services that shaped the extended order.

Lebanese entrepreneur, Nicolas G. Hayek, who, with a group of Swiss investors, took over a majority shareholding of Swatch during 1985 in the then, between ASUAG and SSIH, newly consolidated group under the name Societe Suisse de Microelectronique et d ' Horlogerie, or SMH, became Chairman of the Board of Directors and CEO in 1986 ( who later significantly changed its name to Swatch Group ), further masterminded its development to reach its now major worldwide Swiss watch brand status within the lower end of watch prices.

Hayek ’ s The Road to Serfdom while serving in the U. S. Army during World War II, and made a complete break in 1945 after fourteen years in active leadership service to the communist party and its cause.

Hayek argued that the road to socialism leads society to totalitarianism, and argued that fascism and Nazism were the inevitable outcome of socialist trends in Italy and Germany during the preceding period.

On May 21st 2006 during an interview in Italian talk show Che Tempo Fa, asserted that, other than Salma Hayek, in Mexico it is impossible to encounter beautiful women, because " they all have moustaches ".

Hayek served in World War I and said that his experience in the war and his desire to help avoid the mistakes that had led to the war led him to his career.

Hayek then decided to pursue an academic career, determined to help avoid the mistakes that had led to the war.

The economist Walter Block observed critically that while The Road to Serfdom is " a war cry against central planning ," it does show some reservations with a free market system and laissez-faire capitalism, with Hayek even going so far as to say that " probably nothing has done so much harm to the liberal cause as the wooden insistence of some liberals on certain rules of thumb, above all the principle of laissez-faire.

There was a revival of interest in classical liberalism in the 20th century led by Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman.

This difficulty was notably written about by economists Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, both of whom called it the " economic calculation problem ".

It was first proposed by Ludwig von Mises in 1920 and later expounded by Friedrich Hayek.

Part of the reason that Hayek stressed the knowledge problem was also because he was mainly concerned with debating the proposal for Market Socialism and the Lange Model by Oskar R. Lange ( 1938 ) and Hayek's student Abba Lerner ( 1934, 1937, 1938 ), which was developed in response to the calculation argument.

Friedrich August Hayek CH (; 8 May 189923 March 1992 ), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek, was a British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism.

Hayek was born in Vienna ( then the capital of Austria-Hungary ), and was the son of August von Hayek, a doctor in the municipal health service.

On his mother's side, Hayek was second-cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein.

As a result of their family relationship, Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published in its original German edition in 1921.

In school Hayek was much taken by one instructor's lectures on Aristotle's ethics.

Hayek said about his experience: " The decisive influence was really World War I.

Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser as a specialist for the Austrian government working on the legal and economic details of the Treaty of Saint Germain.

It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending Ludwig von Mises ' private seminars, joining several of his university friends, including Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann, and Gottfried Haberler, who were also participating in Hayek's own, more general, private seminar.

Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognized as one of the leading economic theorists in the world, and his development of the economics of processes in time and the coordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks, Abba Lerner, and many others in the development of modern microeconomics.

In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic coordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times.

Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns.

It was first published in Britain by Routledge in March 1944 and was quite popular, leading Hayek to call it " that unobtainable book ," also due in part to wartime paper rationing.

He argues that Hayek makes peculiar assumptions about demand curves for labor in his explanation of how a decrease in investment spending creates unemployment.

As for socialism, Mises ( 1944 ) and Hayek ( 1937 ) insisted that bureaucrats in individual ministries could never coordinate their plans, not without a price system.

In 1974, Hayek shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ( with Gunnar Myrdal ) for his " pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and ... penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena.

With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics ( LSE ) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins.

" In the book, Hayek writes that the government has a role to play in the economy through the monetary system, work-hours regulation, institutions for the flow of proper information, and other principles on which most members of a free society will tend to agree.

Hayek stated that if the Conservative leader had said " that free choice is to be exercised more in the market place than in the ballot box, she has merely uttered the truism that the first is indispensable for individual freedom while the second is not: free choice can at least exist under a dictatorship that can limit itself but not under the government of an unlimited democracy which cannot ".

In 1980, Hayek, a non-practicing Roman Catholic, was one of twelve Nobel laureates to meet with Pope John Paul II, " to dialogue, discuss views in their fields, communicate regarding the relationship between Catholicism and science, and ' bring to the Pontiff's attention the problems which the Nobel Prize Winners, in their respective fields of study, consider to be the most urgent for contemporary man.

In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a " lifetime of looking beyond the horizon.

Hayek used this body of work as a starting point for his own interpretation of the business cycle, elaborating what later became known as the " Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle ".

Unemployment and idle resources are, for Keynes, caused by a lack of effective demand ; for Hayek, they stem from a previous, unsustainable episode of easy money and artificially low interest rates.

Hayek posited that a central planning authority would have to be endowed with powers that would impact and ultimately control social life, because the knowledge required for centrally planning an economy is inherently decentralized, and would need to be brought under control.

Thus, Hayek put the price mechanism on the same level as, for example, language.

Hayek argued that his ideal individualistic, free-market polity would be self-regulating to such a degree that it would be ' a society which does not depend for its functioning on our finding good men for running it '.

With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated " some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be it only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy.

Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment ( 1939 ) and The Pure Theory of Capital ( 1941 ), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were largely ignored, except for scathing critiques by Nicholas Kaldor.

Milton Friedman declared himself " an enormous admirer of Hayek, but not for his economics.

Hayek recommended liberal economic reforms similar to Chile's for the Keynesian economy in the United Kingdom to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.