Coupled with the more diffuse political structure based on smaller feudal units, various legal traditions emerged, remaining more strongly rooted in Roman jurisprudence, but modified to meet the prevailing political climate.

Conversely, some view that Sunni jurisprudence falls into two groups: Ahl al-Ra ' i, or people of opinions, due to their emphasis on scholarly judgment and reason ; and Ahl al-Hadith, or people of traditions, due to their emphasis on restricting juristic thought to only what is found in scripture.

The emergence of Australian nationalism in the second half of the nineteenth century diminished the degree in which Anglo-Celtic Australians identified themselves as primarily from their homelands, although many elements of Australian culture and life, from jurisprudence to gardening, are transplanted from British and Irish traditions.

From the traditions ( hadith ) of the life of Muhammad and his companions are drawn the Muslim way of life ( sunnah ), the code of conduct ( sharia ) it requires and the jurisprudence ( fiqh ) by which Muslim communities should be regulated.

Individual opinion ( ra ’ y ) and deductive analogy ( qiyāṣ ) play an important role in many Sunni legal traditions, forming the basis of much of Sunni jurisprudence.

" After reviewing the works submitted by Dr. Abu-Zeid in his application for promotion, examining them both individually and as a whole, we have reached the following conclusion: his prodigious academic efforts demonstrate that he is a researcher well-rooted in his academic field, well-read in our Islamic intellectual traditions, and with a knowledge of all its many branches — Islamic principles, theology, jurisprudence, Sufism, Qur ’ anic studies, rhetoric and linguistics — He has not rested on the laurels of his in-depth knowledge of this field, but has taken a forthright, critical position.

Scholarly traditions of jurisprudence, history, philology and sociology developed during this time and informed the development of the social sciences of which anthropology was a part.

Ibn Thumart strongly opposed their sponsorship of the Maliki school of jurisprudence, whom he accused of neglecting the Sunnah and Hadith ( traditions and sayings of the Prophet and his companions ) and relying too much on ijma ( consensus of jurists ) and other sources, an anathema to the stricter Zahirism favored by Ibn Tumart.

Such traditions are divisions orthogonal to sectarian divisions of Islam, and a Mu ' tazili may for example, belong to Jafari, Zaidi or even Hanafi school of jurisprudence.

The Grand Imam " The Imam of imams " ( Arabic: الإمام الأكبر ) of the Al-Azhar Mosque and Al-Azhar University, is a respectable prestigious Sunni Islam title and a prominent official title in Egypt, and is considered by some Muslims to be the highest authority in Sunni Islam for Islamic jurisprudence, The grand Imam and holds a great influence on followers of the theological Ash ' ari and Maturidi traditions world wide.

It is to say rather, I believe, that he has brought to bear on the history, the traditions, and the lore of his region a critical, skeptical mind -- the same mind which has made of him an inveterate experimenter in literary form and technique.

The humanities generally study local traditions, through their history, literature, music, and arts, with an emphasis on understanding particular individuals, events, or eras.

Owing to the diversity of ethnicities in Hawaii and the history of the Chinese influence in Hawaii, resident Chinese cuisine forms a component of the cuisine of Hawaii, which is a fusion of different culinary traditions.

Folklore consists of legends, music, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, fairy tales, stories, tall tales, and customs that are the traditions of a culture, subculture, or group.

The care for cultural patrimony has a long history within traditions of fixing and mending objects, and in individual restorations of artworks.

Art historian Richard Poss took a more flexible approach, maintaining that the astronomical rock art of the North American Southwest should be read employing " the hermeneutic traditions of western art history and art criticism " Astronomers, however, raise different questions, seeking to provide their students with identifiable precursors of their discipline, and are especially concerned with the important question of how to confirm that specific sites are, indeed, intentionally astronomical.

Because it was a minority church of widely differing traditions in a non-Christian culture ( except in Kerala, where Christianity has a long history ), practice varied wildly.

In Rabbinic traditions, Ezra is metaphorically referred to as the " flowers that appear on the earth " signifying the springtime in the national history of Judaism.

The music of North Africa for the most part has a different history from Sub-Saharan African music traditions.

Folklore ( or lore ) consists of legends, music, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, fairy tales, stories, tall tales, and customs that are the traditions of a culture, subculture, or group.

The title in Basque means " Our Father's House ", and the work stands looking towards the Tree ( the symbol of Basque traditions and history ) as a monument to peace.

Explaining the internal impact of the DDR regime from the perspective of German history in the long term, historian Gerhard A. Ritter ( 2002 ) has argued that the East German state was defined by two dominant forces – Soviet Communism on the one hand, and German traditions filtered through the interwar experiences of German Communists on the other.

Every historian uses one ( or more ) historiographical traditions, for example Marxist, Annales School, " total history ", or political history.

His place in history and his significance may be understood according to the traditions within which he worked.

But unlike Herodotus, Hecataeus did not record events that had occurred in living memory, nor did he include the oral traditions of Greek history within the larger framework of oriental history.

Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions – using the point of view of European music history or African music for example – but jazz critic Joachim Berendt argues that all such attempts are unsatisfactory.

* Kabuki 21 — All about Japan's traditional Theatre Art of Kabuki: The art, the plays, the great stars of today, the legends of the past, the theaters, the history, the glossary, the traditions, the heroes and the derivatives.

* Rifle Brigade – sister regiment sharing much common history and traditions

He studied the Chinese language, traveled extensively researching the history, traditions and customs of the Chinese, which he intended to use as material for a book about life in contemporary China, and regularly sent detailed reports to the General Staff and Foreign Ministry.

Several perspectives or branches of such academic dictionary research have been distinguished: ' dictionary criticism ' ( or evaluating the quality of one or more dictionaries, e. g. by means of reviews ( see Nielsen 2009 )), ' dictionary history ' ( or tracing the traditions of a type of dictionary or of lexicography in a particular country or language ), ' dictionary typology ' ( or classifying the various genres of reference works, such as dictionary versus encyclopedia, monolingual versus bilingual dictionary, general versus technical or pedagogical dictionary ), ' dictionary structure ' ( or formatting the various ways in which the information is presented in a dictionary ), ' dictionary use ' ( or observing the reference acts and skills of dictionary users ), and ' dictionary IT ' ( or applying computer aids to the process of dictionary compilation ).

Hart has written books on the history and traditions of drumming throughout history.

Anthropology in France has a less clear genealogy than the British and American traditions, in part because many French writers influential in anthropology have been trained or held faculty positions in sociology, philosophy, or other fields rather than in anthropology.

In the intermediate sense, it includes all relevant cultures and a range of musical forms, styles, genres and traditions, but tends to be confined to the humanities-a combination of historical musicology, ethnomusicology, and the humanities of systematic musicology ( philosophy, theoretical sociology, aesthetics ).

In the second sense ( the codified language of a field of enquiry ), and in the third sense ( a statement, un énoncé ), the analyses of discourse are effected in the intellectual traditions that investigate and determine the relations among language and structure and agency, as in the fields of sociology, feminist studies, anthropology, ethnography, cultural studies, literary theory, and the philosophy of science.

Occasionally, in addition or opposition to employing the scientific method, it also relies on symbolic interpretation and critical analysis, although these traditions have tended to be less pronounced than in other social sciences, such as sociology.

Several traditions use the term Social Constructivism: psychology ( after Lev Vygotsky ), sociology ( after Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, themselves influenced by Alfred Schütz ), sociology of knowledge ( David Bloor ), sociology of mathematics ( Sal Restivo ), philosophy of mathematics ( Paul Ernest ).

His writings, on a variety of subjects, inspired scholars working in a number of different traditions ( Marxism, semiotics, structuralism, religious criticism ) and in disciplines as diverse as literary criticism, history, philosophy, sociology, anthropology and psychology.

Dynamic social network analysis is linked to a variety of methodological traditions, above and beyond systems thinking, including graph theory, traditional social network analysis in sociology, and mathematical sociology.

Computational sociology is influenced by a number of micro-sociological areas as wells as the macro-level traditions of systems science and systems thinking.

Rogers identifies six main traditions that impacted diffusion research: anthropology, early sociology, rural sociology, education, industrial, and medical sociology.

His canon was guided by a desire to " unify the divergent theoretical traditions in sociology behind a single theoretical scheme, one that could in fact be justified by purely scientific developments in the discipline during the previous half century.

In sociology, rationalization refers to the replacement of traditions, values, and emotions as motivators for behavior in society with rational, calculated ones.

Up to this time, sociology had approached children and childhood mainly from a socialization perspective, and the emergence of the new childhood sociological paradigm ran parallel to the feminist critique of sociological traditions.