Thus, while it remains possible that the Babylonians and/or the Pythagoreans may perhaps have had the magic square of three before the Chinese did, more definite evidence will have to turn up from the Middle East or the Classical World before China can lose her claim to the earliest known magic square by more than a thousand years.

but why did the Old Chinese postulate five elements, when the Ancient Near East -- which may have initiated the idea that natural elements exerted influence in human life and activities -- recognized only four??

And why did the Chinese suddenly begin to talk about the Five Directions, when the animals they used as symbols of the directions designated only the usual four??

Parallels to the earliest Babylonian ( Sumerian ) star catalogues suggest that the ancient Chinese system did not arise independently from that of the Ancient Near East.

This school did not thrive because the Chinese regarded sophistry and dialectic as impractical.

* Second Sight ( 1991 ) Released from a Chinese prison, Christopher meets a daughter he did not know he had

Despite the name " Chinese checkers ", the game is not a variation of checkers, nor did it originate in China or any part of Asia.

Some numismatists, however, regard these as well as later Chinese bronzes that were replicas of knives, spades, and hoes as money but not as coins because they did not at least initially carry a mark or marks certifying them to be of a definite exchange value.

Moreover, according to this thesis, a major motivational factor for Gorbachev was his realization that the Soviet Union could not compete economically with the USA However, if economic premises are taken into account, it is not clear why the Soviet leaders did not adopt the Chinese option — economic liberalization with preservation of political system.

In 1895 and 1896 another Joint Anglo-Russian Boundary Commission agreed on the frontier boundary to the far northeast of Afghanistan, which bordered Chinese territory ( although the Chinese did not formally accept this as a boundary between the two countries until 1964.

" It did not signify any modification to Fiji's adherence to the One China policy, he had explained to the Chinese ambassador.

The Japanese did not acquire firearms until the 16th century, and then from the Portuguese rather than the Chinese.

He then took a train to Hangzhou in China, before continuing onto Shanghai ; because of the ongoing Chinese Civil War, the train did not stop throughout the entire journey, something that annoyed the passengers.

Originally, to practice kung fu did not just mean to practice Chinese martial arts.

The Kuomintang was extensively involved in the Kham region, recruiting the Khampa people to both oppose the Dalai Lama's Tibetan government, fight the Communist Red Army, and crush the influence of local Chinese warlords who did not obey the central government.

In the late 19th-and early 20th centuries, although some boundary agreements were signed between Great Britain, Afghanistan and Russia over the northern borders of Kashmir, China never accepted these agreements, and the official Chinese position did not change with the communist revolution in 1949.

The Knights strongly supported the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the Contract Labor Law of 1885, as did many other labor groups, although the group did accept most others, including skilled and unskilled women of any profession.

This union did not include Chinese, and partially included black people and women.

However, as the Angolan government did not continue to make the payments due to the Chinese enterprise in charge of the construction, the firm has suspended its work in 2010.

Here, Mao was taught the value systems of Confucianism, one of the dominant moral ideologies in China, but he would later admit that he did not enjoy reading the classical Chinese texts which preached Confucian morals, instead favouring popular novels such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin.

By placing the prisoners under conditions of physical and social deprivation and disruption, and then by offering them more comfortable situations such as better sleeping quarters, better food, warmer clothes or blankets, the Chinese did succeed in getting some of the prisoners to make anti-American statements.

" In contrast American POW's in the custody of the Chinese Communists did face a concerted interrogation and indoctrination program -- but the Chinese did not employ deliberate physical abuse.

however the President, who would like to woo the former Chinese province away from both Peking and Moscow, would promise Chen nothing more than an abstention by the U.S. if Outer Mongolia's admission comes to a vote.

There is, however, speculation that local criminal gangs barter abalone illegally with Chinese nationals in exchange for chemicals used in the production of drugs, reducing the need for the use of money and hence avoiding money laundering difficulties.

Among Chinese speakers, however, it is typically understood that one is referring to the leafy vegetable unless otherwise specified.

The term, however, is notably used to construct the names of religions in Chinese: the terms for Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and other religions in Chinese all end with jiào.

" Attributes that are seen as religious — such as ancestor worship, ritual, and sacrifice — were advocated by Confucius as necessary for social harmony ; however, these attributes can be traced to the traditional non-Confucian Chinese beliefs of Chinese folk religion, and are also practiced by Daoists and Chinese Buddhists.

Legalism as a coherent philosophy disappeared largely due to its relationship with the unpopular authoritarian rule of Qin Shi Huang, however, many of its ideas and institutions would continue to influence Chinese philosophy until the end of Imperial rule during the Xinhai Revolution.

Their influence on Chinese thought, however, remains.

Following the death of Mao in 1976, however, the CPC under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping moved towards Socialism with Chinese characteristics and instituted Chinese economic reform.

Decimal notation often refers to a base-10 positional notation such as the Hindu-Arabic numeral system ; however, it can also be used more generally to refer to non-positional systems such as Roman or Chinese numerals which are also based on powers of ten.

This alliance was short lived, however, as Guinea moved towards a Chinese model of socialism.

" The Chinese word for " gunpowder " is, which literally means " Fire Medicine "; however this name only came into use some centuries after the mixture's discovery.

People from Hong Kong generally refer to themselves, in Cantonese, as Hèung Góng Yàhn (); however the term is not restricted to those of Chinese descent.

He was less enamored of the architecture, however ; beginning in the 1950s Chinese buildings closely followed Western styles.

It was during the 8th century, however, that Chinese fashions came into style among the Japanese, and the overlapping collar became particularly women's fashion.

An alternative Chinese term is ketou, however the meaning is somewhat altered: kòu has the general meaning of ' knock ', whereas kē has the general meaning of " touch upon ( a surface )", tóu meaning head.

The Donghu, however, can be much more easily labeled proto-Mongol since the Chinese histories trace all the subsequent Mongolic tribes and kingdoms ( Xianbei and Wuhuan peoples ) from them, although some historical texts claim a mixed Xiongnu-Donghu ancestry for some tribes ( e. g. the Khitan ).

The Khitan, however, had two scripts of their own and many Mongolic words are found in their half-deciphered writings that are usually found with a parallel Chinese text ( for example, nair = sun, sair = moon, tau = five, jau = hundred, m. r = horse, im. a = goat, n. q = dog, m. ng = silver, ju. un = summer, n. am. ur = autumn, u. ul = winter, heu. ur = spring, tau. l. a = rabbit, t. q. a = hen and m. g. o = snake ).

The senate of Macao complained to the viceroy of Goa, of the contempt with which the Chinese authorities treated them, confessing however that, “ it was owing more to the Portuguese themselves than to the Chinese .” The Chinese were obliged to restrict the commerce of Portugal to the port of Macao, in 1631.

Cuban State Council Vice President Carlos Lage declared in 2007 that Cuba would receive 1, 142 more Chinese buses for urban transport before years end

Searle could receive Chinese characters through a slot in the door, process them according to the program's instructions, and produce Chinese characters as output.

In addition, once they arrived at Wufu Line, the Chinese troops discovered that some of the civilian officials were not there to receive them as they had already fled and had taken the keys with them.

Every two weeks, the prisoners receive “ a special meal of pork broth soup and white-flour steamed buns .” Important Chinese holidays such as New Year ’ s, National Day, and the Spring Festival are celebrated with meat dumplings, a special treat in an otherwise meatless diet.

Living and writing in France but continuing to write primarily in Chinese, Gao Xingjian became the first Chinese writer to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2000.

Chinese and Japanese emperors receive posthumous names.

Residents of the Chinese mainland now receive more than 20 outside television channels by satellite, including Chinese-language services of CNN, Star TV, and the United States Information Agency.

Chinese authorities engage in regular crackdowns to confiscate and dismantle illicit dishes, expressing concerns both over the potential for copyright infringements and over their ability receive " reactionary propaganda.

In Chinese mythology, it is believed that all things are capable of acquiring human forms, magical powers, and immortality, provided that they receive sufficient energy, in such forms as human breath or essence from the moon and the sun.

At the age of fifteen, he began to receive instruction in the Chinese Classics under the guidance of his maternal uncle.

According to Venerable Hsuan Hua from the tradition of Chinese Buddhism, there are five types of beings who may speak the sutras of Buddhism: a buddha, a disciple of a buddha, a deva, a ṛṣi, or an emanation of one of these beings ; however, they must first receive certification from a buddha that its contents are true Dharma.

In modern times, the Pumi receive education in Chinese.

In 1984, BIT was chosen as one of the 25 national key universities to receive special supports from the Chinese government during the Seventh Five-Year Plan.

In 1991, BIT was chosen as one of the 14 national key universities to receive special supports from the Chinese government during the Eighth Five-Year Plan.

The game went on to receive numerous awards, and Koei produced several more such games set against the backdrop of world history, including Romance of the Three Kingdoms, set during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history, and Uncharted Waters ( 大航海時代 Dai Kōkai Jidai ; lit.

In recent years, viewing figures for ATV Home have fallen sharply, as the TV station has begun to cater more to the interests of the mainland Chinese audience, who can now legally receive the channel.

The person will receive a yang-or yin-augmenting Chinese medicine potion, usually including herbs, animal penises ( of tiger, deer and fur seal ), pilose antler ( stag of deer ) or deer tail.

Today Chinese traditional medicine continues alongside western medicine and traditional physicians, who also receive some western medical training, are sometimes primary care givers in the clinics and pharmacies of rural China.

Internationally he became an icon for fighting the Chinese government for more democracy in Hong Kong, and was recognised and awarded by a number of international organisations, including the " 1995 International Human Rights Award " by the American Bar Association, the Prize For Freedom by the Liberal International in 1996, the " Democracy Award " by the United States ' National Endowment for Democracy in 1997, and the " Schuman Medal " in 2000 which Lee was the first non-European to receive from the European Peoples Party and European Democrats.

A very large Friendship Guesthouse was constructed in 1954, one of dozens across China, to receive the Soviet " elder brothers " who came to assist Chinese development prior to tensions emerging between Soviet and Chinese leadership.

These newspapers are circulated and distributed throughout Chinese American communities in the San Gabriel Valley, Chinatown, San Diego, and in Las Vegas, Nevada ( where the latter two cities generally receive the Los Angeles editions due to a relatively lower population density of Chinese-speaking Americans ).